Fig. 3.

GSPE improves pancreatic ferroptosis in diabetic rats. A Immunohistochemical staining of 4-HNE (magnification × 400). B–D The levels of glutathione (GSH) (B), malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (D) in pancreatic homogenates were assessed. E Transferrin was measured using rat-specific ELISA kits. F Lillie staining was used to detect ferrous iron content (blue) in pancreatic tissue (magnification × 400). G Quantified ferrous iron content. H The mitochondrial structure was observed with a transmission electron microscope. I The proportion of normal mitochondria. J Representative western blot results of GPX4 and XCT proteins. K, L Quantified levels of GPX4 and XCT proteins. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs. Control; #P < 0.05 vs. T2DM)