Fig. 4.

GSPE alleviates ferroptosis-related injury induced by high glucose and high sodium palmitate in MIN6 cells. A Cell viability in the indicated groups. B Effects of GSPE on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. C–E GSH, SOD, and MDA levels determined in the MIN6 cells. F ROS levels detected using (DCFH-DA) staining (magnification × 100). G Relative ROS intensity. H Lillie staining was used to detect ferrous iron content (blue) in MIN6 cells (magnification × 400). I Quantified ferrous iron content. J–L XCT and GPX4 protein expression levels detected using western blot. Representative and quantitative results are shown. M Relative JC-1 fluorescence. N JC-1 staining of the mitochondrial membrane potential (× 200). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs. control; #P < 0.05 vs. GP)