Table 1.
Previous studies associated with Parkinson's disease and physical frailty
| First author | Year published | Study designs | Participants (n) | Frailty evaluation method | Prevalence of frailty, n (%) | Mean age at evaluation, years (SD) | Mean PD disease duration, years (SD) | PD evaluation method (motor) | PD evaluation method (non‐motor) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed | 2008 | Cross‐sectional | PD: 50 | Phenotype model | Frailty: 16 (32.7%) | 70.8 ± 9.2 | ー | UPDRS | ー |
| Non‐frail: 33 (67.3%) | |||||||||
| Roland et al. (Ref. 23) | 2012 | Cross‐sectional | 29 | Phenotype model | Frailty: 1 (3.4%) | 66.4 ± 8.5 | 7.2 ± 4.6 | H‐Y | PDQ‐39 |
| Pre‐frailty: 19 (65.5%) | |||||||||
| Non‐frailty: 9 (31%) | |||||||||
| Roland et al. (Ref. 25) | 2012 | Cross‐sectional | 17 | Phenotype model | Frailty: 5 (29.4%) | Frailty: 65 ± 11.2 | Frailty: 4.6 ± 1.8 | H‐Y | ー |
| Pre‐frailty: 65 ± 9.4 | |||||||||
| Pre‐frailty: 11.1 ± 7.9 | |||||||||
| Pre‐frailty: 8 (47.1%) | |||||||||
| Non‐frailty: 2.8 ± 2.2 | |||||||||
| Non‐frailty: 68 ± 2.6 | |||||||||
| Non‐frailty: 4 (23.5%) | |||||||||
|
Roland et al. (Ref. 24) |
2012 | Cross‐sectional |
PD:15 Control: 15 |
Phenotype model |
Frailty: 4 (26.7%) Pre‐frailty: 7 (46.7%) Non‐frailty: 4 (26.7%) |
Frailty: 63 ± 11 Pre‐frailty: 65 ± 10 Non‐frailty: 69 ± 1 |
ー | ー | ー |
|
Roland et al. (Ref. 26) |
2013 | Cross‐sectional | 13 | Phenotype model |
Frailty: 3 (23.1%) Pre‐frailty: 6 (46.2%) Non‐frailty: 4 (30.8%) |
Frailty: 67 ± 9 Pre‐frailty: 66 ± 9 Non‐frailty: 69 ± 1 |
Frailty: 5.7 ± 1.2 Pre‐frailty: 10.7 ± 7.9 Non‐frailty: 3.3 ± 2.3 |
H‐Y | ー |
| Buchman | 2013 | Prospective |
Lewy body pathology: 159 (20.1%) Nigral neuronal loss: 106 (13.4%) (All participants: 791) |
Phenotype model | ー | ー | ー | ー | ー |
| Liotta | 2016 | Cross‐sectional |
PD: 18 (All participants: 1331) |
FGE | ー | ー | ー | ー | ー |
| Torsney | 2018 | Cross‐sectional | PD: 393 | CSF | Frailty: 330 (84%) | PD: 82.8 | ー | CCI | Prevalence of depression, dementia or new cognitive impairment |
| Peball | 2018 | Cross‐sectional |
PD: 104 (Control: 434) |
CSHA CSF |
Frailty: 37 (35.6%) | PD: 73.8 ± 5.2 | 12.0 ± 7.9 |
H‐Y MDS‐UPDRS Part I–IV ADL |
PDQ‐39 |
| Tan | 2018 | Cross‐sectional |
PD: 93 (Control: 78) |
Phenotype model Frailty index |
PD Fried's criteria: (27.9%) Frailty index: (69.2) |
PD: 66.0 ± 8.5 | 8.5 ± 5.6 |
H‐Y MDS‐UPDRS Part I–IV |
ー |
| Rennne | 2018 | Cross‐sectional | PD: 6 (all participants: 241) | TFI | ー | PD: 79.3 | ー | ー | ー |
| Lin | 2019 | Cross‐sectional | 76 | Phenotype model | 29 (38%) |
PD with frailty: 2.74 (2.82) PD without frailty: 2.12 (2.70) |
H‐Y, UPDRS Part I–III, S&E ADL |
Attention function, Executive function Memory function Visuospatial function |
|
| Ntanasi | 2020 | Cross‐sectional |
PD: 34 Prodromal PD: 49 Non‐PD: 1682 |
Phenotype model Frailty index |
Phenotype criteria PD: 5 (14.7%) Prodromal PD: 5 (10.2%) Non‐PD: 65 (3.9%) Frailty index PD: 26 (76.5%) Prodromal PD: 33 (67.3%) Non‐PD: 332 (19.7%) |
PD: 76 (73–79) Prodromal PD: 76 (73–79) Non‐PD: 73 (69–77) |
ー | ー | ー |
| Smith | 2021 | Cross‐sectional | PD: 120 | Phenotype model | 31.2 (26%) | 70.2 ± 8.0 | MDS‐UPDRS Part I–IV | MoCAGDS | |
| Abraham | 2021 | Cross‐sectional | PD: 62786 | CFI | 34 708 (55.3%) | ー | ー | ー | ー |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CFI, Claims‐based Frailty Index; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; CSHA, Canadian Scale of Health and Aging; FGE, Functional Geriatric Evaluation; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; H‐Y, Hoehn–Yahr stage; MDS‐UPDRS, Movement Disorders Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDQ‐39, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39; SD, standard deviation; S&E, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.