Table 1.
Proportion and prevalence ratios of older adults' subjective well‐being based on the characteristics of study participants in the baseline survey
| Factors contributing to happiness in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 541 | 316 | 58.4 (54.3–62.6) | |||
| Sex | Male | 189 | 109 | 57.7 (50.6–64.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 352 | 207 | 58.8 (53.7–64.0) | 1.15 (0.81–1.63) | 0.432 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 224 | 115 | 51.3 (44.8–57.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 257 | 160 | 62.3 (56.3–68.2) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 0.226 | |
| ≥80 years | 60 | 41 | 68.3 (56.6–80.1) | 1.38 (0.94–2.00) | 0.096 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 429 | 249 | 58.0 (53.4–62.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 112 | 67 | 59.8 (50.7–68.9) | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 0.833 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 378 | 196 | 51.9 (46.8–56.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 163 | 120 | 73.6 (66.9–80.4) | 1.25 (0.98–1.58) | 0.067 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 284 | 162 | 57.0 (51.3–62.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinker | 257 | 154 | 59.9 (53.9–65.9) | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 0.273 | |
| Smoking | Never | 388 | 232 | 59.8 (54.9–64.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 134 | 75 | 56.0 (47.6–64.4) | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.867 | |
| Current | 19 | 9 | 47.4 (24.9–69.8) | 0.75 (0.37–1.53) | 0.433 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 113 | 69 | 61.1 (52.1–70.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 358 | 220 | 61.5 (56.4–66.5) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.998 | |
| ≥3 | 70 | 27 | 38.6 (27.2–50.0) | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 0.076 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 243 | 161 | 66.3 (60.3–72.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 278 | 148 | 53.2 (47.4–59.1) | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | 0.344 | |
| Frail | 20 | 7 | 35.0 (14.1–55.9) | 0.72 (0.33–1.57) | 0.408 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 273 | 139 | 50.9 (45.0–56.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 268 | 177 | 66.0 (60.4–71.7) | 1.27 (1.01–1.61) | 0.042 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 174 | 79 | 45.4 (38.0–52.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 367 | 237 | 64.6 (59.7–69.5) | 1.31 (1.01–1.70) | 0.045 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 220 | 98 | 44.6 (38.0–51.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 321 | 218 | 67.9 (62.8–73.0) | 1.31 (1.01–1.71) | 0.044 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 358 | 201 | 56.2 (51.0–61.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 183 | 115 | 62.8 (55.8–69.8) | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 0.453 | |
| Factors contributing to satisfaction with life in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 541 | 353 | 65.3 (61.2–69.3) | |||
| Sex | Male | 189 | 130 | 68.8 (62.2–75.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 352 | 223 | 63.4 (58.3–68.4) | 1.08 (0.78–1.51) | 0.630 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 224 | 138 | 61.6 (55.3–67.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 257 | 167 | 65.0 (59.2–70.8) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.955 | |
| ≥80 years | 60 | 48 | 80.0 (69.9–90.1) | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) | 0.117 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 429 | 280 | 65.3 (60.8–69.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 112 | 73 | 65.2 (56.4–74.0) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.618 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 378 | 225 | 59.5 (54.6–64.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 163 | 128 | 78.5 (72.2–84.8) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) | 0.150 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 284 | 176 | 62.0 (56.3–67.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinker | 257 | 177 | 68.9 (63.2–74.5) | 1.14 (0.91–1.45) | 0.259 | |
| Smoking | Never | 388 | 250 | 64.4 (59.7–69.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 134 | 90 | 67.2 (59.2–75.1) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.868 | |
| Current | 19 | 13 | 68.4 (47.5–89.3) | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 0.957 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 113 | 80 | 70.8 (62.4–79.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 358 | 233 | 65.1 (60.2–70.0) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 0.465 | |
| ≥3 | 70 | 40 | 57.1 (45.6–68.7) | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 0.393 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 243 | 173 | 71.2 (65.5–76.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 278 | 171 | 61.5 (55.8–67.2) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.619 | |
| Frail | 20 | 9 | 45.0 (23.2–66.8) | 0.75 (0.38–1.50) | 0.419 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 273 | 150 | 55.0 (49.0–60.9) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 268 | 203 | 75.8 (70.6–80.9) | 1.34 (1.07–1.68) | 0.010 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 174 | 90 | 51.7 (44.3–59.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 367 | 263 | 71.7 (67.1–76.3) | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 0.030 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 220 | 110 | 50.0 (43.4–55.6) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 321 | 243 | 75.7 (71.0–80.4) | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) | 0.003 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 358 | 224 | 62.6 (57.6–67.6) | 1 (reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 129 | 54 | 70.5 (63.9–77.1) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 0.454 | |
| Factors contributing to meaning in life in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 541 | 325 | 60.1 (56.0–64.2) | |||
| Sex | Male | 189 | 112 | 59.3 (52.3–66.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 352 | 213 | 60.5 (55.4–65.6) | 1.15 (0.81–1.63) | 0.448 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 224 | 116 | 51.8 (45.2–58.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 257 | 164 | 63.8 (57.9–69.7) | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) | 0.121 | |
| ≥80 years | 60 | 45 | 75.0 (64.0–86.0) | 1.51 (1.05–2.18) | 0.026 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 429 | 255 | 59.4 (54.8–64.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 112 | 70 | 62.5 (53.5–71.5) | 1.01 (0.77–1.34) | 0.918 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 378 | 196 | 51.7 (46.7–56.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 163 | 129 | 79.1 (72.9–85.4) | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) | 0.003 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 284 | 166 | 58.5 (52.7–64.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinker | 257 | 159 | 62.2 (56.3–68.1) | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.286 | |
| Smoking | Never | 388 | 237 | 60.6 (55.8–65.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 134 | 75 | 56.0 (47.6–64.4) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | 0.736 | |
| Current | 19 | 13 | 68.4 (47.5–89.3) | 1.13 (0.62–2.07) | 0.694 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 113 | 69 | 61.1 (52.1–70.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 358 | 220 | 61.5 (56.4–66.5) | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 0.873 | |
| ≥3 | 70 | 36 | 51.4 (39.7–63.1) | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | 0.377 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 243 | 157 | 64.6 (58.6–70.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 278 | 157 | 56.5 (50.7–62.3) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.495 | |
| Frail | 20 | 11 | 55.0 (33.2–76.8) | 0.96 (0.51–1.81) | 0.895 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 273 | 143 | 52.4 (46.5–58.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 268 | 182 | 67.9 (62.3–73.5) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 0.094 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 174 | 87 | 50.0 (42.6–57.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 367 | 238 | 64.9 (60.0–69.7) | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | 0.101 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 225 | 121 | 54.1 (47.5–60.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 321 | 206 | 64.2 (58.9–69.4) | 1.08 (0.85–1.36) | 0.527 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 358 | 216 | 60.3 (55.3–65.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 183 | 109 | 59.6 (52.5–66.7) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.989 | |
†
Adjusted for all variables.
Boldface indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05.
CI, confidence interval; N, total number; n, number of participants showing subjective well‐being; PR, prevalence ratio.