Table 3.
Proportion and prevalence ratios of improved subjective well‐being among older adults based on the characteristics of study participants who did not have subjective well‐being in the baseline survey
| Factors contributing to the improvement of happiness in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 225 | 60 | 26.7 (20.9–32.4) | |||
| Sex | Male | 80 | 16 | 20.0 (11.2–28.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 145 | 44 | 30.3 (22.9–37.8) | 2.49 (1.03–6.01) | 0.043 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 109 | 31 | 28.4 (20.0–36.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 97 | 26 | 26.8 (18.0–35.6) | 1.10 (0.63–1.92) | 0.746 | |
| ≥80 years | 19 | 3 | 15.8 (0.0–32.2) | 0.86 (0.24–3.15) | 0.824 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 180 | 50 | 27.8 (21.2–34.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 45 | 10 | 22.2 (10.1–34.4) | 0.87 (0.43–1.77) | 0.704 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 182 | 45 | 24.7 (18.5–31.0) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 43 | 15 | 34.9 (20.6–49.1) | 1.45 (0.77–2.73) | 0.244 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 122 | 31 | 25.4 (17.7–33.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinker | 103 | 29 | 28.2 (19.5–36.8) | 1.25 (0.71–2.19) | 0.437 | |
| Smoking | Never | 156 | 41 | 26.3 (19.4–33.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 59 | 16 | 27.1 (15.8–38.5) | 2.03 (0.91–4.54) | 0.084 | |
| Current | 10 | 3 | 30.0 (1.6–58.4) | 1.87 (0.46–7.50) | 0.379 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 44 | 12 | 27.3 (14.1–40.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 138 | 37 | 26.8 (19.4–34.2) | 1.07 (0.55–2.08) | 0.850 | |
| ≥3 | 43 | 11 | 25.6 (12.5–38.6) | 1.15 (0.48–2.77) | 0.753 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 82 | 20 | 24.4 (15.1–33.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 130 | 37 | 28.5 (20.7–36.2) | 1.42 (0.79–2.54) | 0.242 | |
| Frail | 13 | 3 | 23.1 (0.2–46.0) | 1.37 (0.36–5.16) | 0.644 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 134 | 35 | 26.1 (18.7–33.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 91 | 25 | 27.5 (18.3–36.6) | 1.05 (0.59–1.88) | 0.860 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 95 | 15 | 15.8 (8.5–23.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 130 | 45 | 34.6 (26.4–42.8) | 2.15 (1.16–3.99) | 0.016 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 122 | 29 | 23.8 (16.2–31.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 103 | 31 | 30.1 (21.2–39.0) | 1.36 (0.80–2.31) | 0.255 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 157 | 44 | 28.0 (21.0–35.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 68 | 16 | 23.5 (13.5–33.6) | 0.89 (0.49–1.63) | 0.707 | |
| Factors contributing to the improvement of satisfaction with life in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 188 | 60 | 31.9 (25.3–38.6) | |||
| Sex | Male | 59 | 22 | 37.3 (25.0–49.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 129 | 38 | 29.5 (21.6–37.3) | 0.76 (0.29–1.99) | 0.570 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 86 | 27 | 31.4 (21.6–41.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 90 | 31 | 34.4 (24.6–44.3) | 0.99 (0.57–1.74) | 0.984 | |
| ≥80 years | 12 | 2 | 16.7 (0.0–37.8) | 0.68 (0.14–3.21) | 0.625 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 149 | 47 | 31.5 (24.1–39.0) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 39 | 13 | 33.3 (18.5–48.1) | 0.88 (0.46–1.71) | 0.710 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 153 | 46 | 30.1 (22.8–37.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 35 | 14 | 40.0 (23.8–56.2) | 1.02 (0.54–1.94) | 0.943 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 108 | 33 | 30.6 (21.9–39.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinker | 80 | 27 | 33.8 (23.4–44.1) | 0.80 (0.42–1.53) | 0.498 | |
| Smoking | Never | 138 | 41 | 29.7 (22.1–37.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 44 | 16 | 36.4 (22.2–50.6) | 1.21 (0.51–2.84) | 0.668 | |
| Current | 6 | 3 | 50.0 (10.0–90.0) | 1.30 (0.29–5.88) | 0.732 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 33 | 8 | 24.2 (9.6–38.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 125 | 43 | 34.4 (26.1–42.7) | 1.59 (0.73–3.47) | 0.247 | |
| ≥3 | 30 | 9 | 30.0 (13.6–46.4) | 1.47 (0.54–3.97) | 0.451 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 70 | 29 | 41.4 (29.9–53.0) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 107 | 27 | 25.2 (17.0–33.5) | 0.63 (0.35–1.14) | 0.128 | |
| Frail | 11 | 4 | 36.4 (7.9–64.8) | 0.96 (0.31–3.03) | 0.951 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 123 | 33 | 26.8 (19.0–34.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 65 | 27 | 41.5 (29.6–53.5) | 1.90 (1.09–3.30) | 0.024 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 84 | 15 | 17.9 (9.7–26.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 104 | 45 | 43.3 (33.8–52.8) | 2.51 (1.34–4.70) | 0.004 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 110 | 30 | 27.3 (19.0–35.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 78 | 30 | 38.5 (27.7–49.3) | 1.33 (0.77–2.29) | 0.306 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 134 | 42 | 31.3 (23.5–39.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 54 | 18 | 33.3 (20.8–45.9) | 0.89 (0.49–1.63) | 0.713 | |
| Factors contributing to the improvement of meaning in life in older adults | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % (95% CI) | PR † (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Total | 216 | 66 | 30.6 (24.4–36.7) | |||
| Sex | Male | 77 | 17 | 22.1 (12.8–31.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Female | 139 | 49 | 35.3 (27.3–43.2) | 2.51 (1.02–6.17) | 0.046 | |
| Age group | 65–69 years | 108 | 38 | 35.2 (26.2–44.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 70–79 years | 93 | 24 | 25.8 (16.9–34.7) | 0.85 (0.49–1.49) | 0.574 | |
| ≥80 years | 15 | 4 | 26.7 (4.3–49.1) | 1.08 (0.35–3.41) | 0.890 | |
| Education | ≤12 years | 174 | 53 | 30.5 (23.6–37.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 12 years | 42 | 13 | 31.0 (17.0–44.9) | 0.99 (0.50–1.97) | 0.988 | |
| Economic status | No financial leeway | 182 | 54 | 29.7 (23.0–36.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Financial leeway | 34 | 12 | 35.3 (19.2–51.4) | 1.06 (0.56–2.04) | 0.852 | |
| Alcohol drinking | Non‐drinker | 118 | 30 | 25.4 (17.6–33.3) | 1 (reference) | |
| Drinker | 98 | 36 | 36.7 (27.2–46.3) | 1.82 (1.06–3.11) | 0.029 | |
| Smoking | Never | 151 | 50 | 33.1 (25.6–40.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Former | 59 | 15 | 25.4 (14.3–36.5) | 1.24 (0.54–2.85) | 0.618 | |
| Current | 6 | 1 | 16.7 (0.0–46.5) | 0.75 (0.09–6.51) | 0.797 | |
| No. comorbidities | Nothing | 44 | 19 | 43.2 (28.6–57.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| 1–2 | 138 | 35 | 25.4 (18.1–32.6) | 0.59 (0.38–1.26) | 0.225 | |
| ≥3 | 34 | 12 | 35.3 (19.2–51.4) | 0.96 (0.42–2.19) | 0.929 | |
| Frailty | Robust | 86 | 31 | 36.1 (25.9–46.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Prefrail | 121 | 32 | 26.5 (18.6–34.3) | 0.84 (0.48–1.46) | 0.534 | |
| Frail | 9 | 3 | 33.3 (2.5–64.1) | 0.96 (0.25–3.72) | 0.952 | |
| Satisfaction with access to health services | No | 130 | 36 | 27.7 (20.0–35.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 86 | 30 | 34.9 (24.8–45.0) | 1.51 (0.89–2.58) | 0.128 | |
| Having a higher‐level functional capacity | No | 87 | 23 | 26.4 (17.2–35.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 129 | 43 | 33.3 (25.2–41.5) | 1.15 (0.68–1.96) | 0.604 | |
| Satisfaction with sleep | No | 101 | 28 | 27.7 (19.0–36.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 115 | 38 | 33.0 (24.5–41.6) | 1.30 (0.76–2.23) | 0.341 | |
| Step counts | ≤6000 steps/day | 142 | 41 | 28.9 (21.4–36.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| >6000 steps/day | 74 | 25 | 33.8 (23.0–44.6) | 1.40 (0.82–2.40) | 0.215 | |
Boldface indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05.
CI, confidence interval; N, number of participants who did not have meaning in life in the baseline survey; n, number of participants with improving changes in subjective well‐being in the follow‐up survey; PR, prevalence ratio.
†
Adjusted for all variables.