Table 3.
Relationship between risk of development of norovirus‐related diarrhea and underlying diseases, and each prescription drugs
| Characteristics | N | Norovirus‐related diarrhea | Person‐years at risk | Incidence rate per 1000 person‐years | Facility where residents developed norovirus‐related diarrhea | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR † (95% CI) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR † (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Underlying diseases | |||||||||||||
| Dementia | No | 667 | 5 (0.8) | 463.5 | 10.79 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1060 | 8 (0.8) | 822.2 | 9.73 | 0.87 | (0.29–2.67) | 0.86 | (0.28–2.63) | 0.49 | (0.16–1.55) | 0.53 | (0.16–1.72) | |
| Hypertension | No | 840 | 5 (0.6) | 600.7 | 8.32 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 887 | 8 (0.9) | 685.0 | 11.68 | 1.39 | (0.46–4.26) | 1.35 | (0.44–4.13) | 2.52 | (0.82–7.74) | 3.41 | (1.05–11.04) | |
| Stroke | No | 1165 | 6 (0.5) | 862.8 | 6.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 562 | 7 (1.3) | 422.9 | 16.55 | 2.33 | (0.78–6.94) | 3.88 | (1.25–12.04) | 3.09 | (1.04–9.19) | 8.84 | (2.46–31.83) | |
| Heart disease | No | 1216 | 8 (0.7) | 904.4 | 8.85 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 511 | 5 (1.0) | 381.3 | 13.11 | 1.49 | (0.49–4.54) | 1.46 | (0.47–4.50) | 1.65 | (0.54–5.06) | 1.35 | (0.39–4.67) | |
| Diabetes | No | 1369 | 10 (0.7) | 1042.7 | 9.59 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 358 | 3 (0.8) | 243.1 | 12.34 | 1.35 | (0.37–4.90) | 1.53 | (0.41–5.65) | 1.75 | (0.48–6.41) | 3.75 | (0.77–18.31) | |
| Malignancy | No | 1473 | 13 (0.9) | 1112.4 | 11.69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 254 | 0 (0) | 173.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| Kidney disease | No | 1575 | 13 (0.8) | 1163.0 | 11.18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 152 | 0 (0) | 122.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| Thyroid disease | No | 1645 | 11 (0.7) | 1220.2 | 9.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 82 | 2 (2.4) | 65.6 | 30.49 | 3.30 | (0.73–14.87) | 2.48 | (0.54–11.34) | 2.90 | (0.64–13.11) | 1.53 | (0.32–7.29) | |
| Chronic lung disease | No | 1651 | 12 (0.7) | 1237.4 | 9.70 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 76 | 1 (1.3) | 48.3 | 20.70 | 2.13 | (0.28–16.38) | 2.34 | (0.30–18.29) | 4.30 | (0.55–33.89) | 4.38 | (0.51–37.79) | |
| Liver disease | No | 1661 | 13 (0.8) | 1227.2 | 10.59 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 66 | 0 (0) | 58.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| Prescription drugs | |||||||||||||
| Anticancer drugs | No | 1721 | 13 (0.8) | 1283.5 | 10.13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 0 (0) | 2.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| Steroids | No | 1660 | 13 (0.8) | 1233.0 | 10.54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 67 | 0 (0) | 52.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| NSAIDs | No | 1593 | 12 (0.8) | 1184.3 | 10.13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 134 | 1 (0.8) | 101.5 | 9.85 | 0.95 | (0.12–7.31) | 0.91 | (0.12–7.11) | 1.71 | (0.22–13.30) | 1.24 | (0.15–10.00) | |
| PPIs | No | 1164 | 12 (1.0) | 909.5 | 13.19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 563 | 1 (0.2) | 376.3 | 2.66 | 0.21 | (0.03–1.65) | 0.22 | (0.03–1.73) | 1.36 | (0.17–10.72) | 2.74 | (0.30–24.89) | |
| Laxatives | No | 776 | 4 (0.5) | 542.8 | 7.37 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 951 | 9 (1.0) | 742.9 | 12.11 | 1.56 | (0.48–5.06) | 1.65 | (0.51–5.38) | 1.37 | (0.42–4.46) | 1.07 | (0.31–3.67) | |
| Probiotics | No | 1565 | 12 (0.8) | 1178.2 | 10.19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 162 | 1 (0.6) | 107.6 | 9.30 | 0.94 | (0.12–7.19) | 1.11 | (0.14–8.57) | 2.18 | (0.28–16.81) | 4.30 | (0.40–46.78) | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.
†
Model includes sex, age and care‐needs level.