Figure 5.

(a) (i) Device of nanoneedle electrodes for tip-enhanced ECL. (ii) Bright-field, (iii) scanning electron microscopy images for nanoneedles, and (iv) scanning electron microscopy image of an individual nanoneedle. (b) Corresponding local tip ECL images (i,iii) and the luminescence intensity analyzed along the white lines in ECL images (ii,iv), where (i,ii) is for 10 mM PBS containing 200 μM L012 and 2 mM hydrogen peroxide and (iii,iv) is for 10 mM PBS containing 10 mM Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and 200 mM TPA. Reprinted from ref (82). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (c) Strategy of sandwich immunoassay modification. (i) Schematic illustration and (ii) fluorescence images of different modified targets overlaid by false color, where blue is for anti-IL-8, red is for VEGF, and green is for TIMP-1. (iii) Corresponding ECL image for IL-8 in (ii). Reprinted from ref (85). Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.