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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev Perspect. 2023 Dec 22;18(1):44–53. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12496

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The vicious cycle of loneliness. This model is a developmental extension of the “tend-and-befriend” model, proposing processes through which chronic loneliness increases across adolescence among those with specific social, personality, and biological risk factors.

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