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The main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic complications. AGE, advanced glycation end-products; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; NOX, NADPH oxidase; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; O2−, superoxide; ONOO−, peroxynitrite; PKC, protein kinase C; RAGE, advanced glycation end-products receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; XO, xanthine oxidase. Upper arrows indicate increase.
