Table 1.

Features of the original articles reviewed.

Radiopharmaceuticals	Analog	Target	Target Region	Main Results	Ref.
[18F]DHMT ([18F]12)	DHE	superoxide	heart	In DOX-treated EMT6 cells, staining with compound 12 showed significantly higher fluorescence intensity than in the control group. Only cells treated with [18F]12, not its oxidized form, displayed uptake. DOX-treated mice also exhibited twice the uptake of [18F]12 compared to control group.	[39]
				In rats with DOX-induced chronic cardiotoxicity, [18F]DHMT uptake was significantly higher than in the control group, enabling earlier diagnosis of cardiotoxicity than with conventional LVEF.	[40]
				The absorption pattern of [18F]DHMT was determined in beagle dogs, providing valuable insights into its biodistribution and pharmacokinetics.	[41]
				Automated synthesis for [18F]DHMT ([18F]12) was successfully optimized, achieving a moderate radiochemical yield of 6.9 ± 2.8% within a reduced preparation time of 77 min. Dynamic heart scans of a healthy beagle dog were performed to assess [18F]DHMT distribution and uptake.	[42]
[11C]HM			brain	[11C]HM uptake was observed after microinjecting SNP into one side of the rat brain, allowing for the distinction of specific brain regions with high ROS concentrations.	[43]
[18F]FDHM				[18F]FDHM uptake was observed after microinjecting SNP into one side of the rat brain. [18F]FDHM accumulated significantly in specific regions where SNP induced ROS.	[44]
[18F]ROStrace				[18F]ROStrace successfully passed through BBB in mice with brain nerve inflammation induced by LPS.	[45]
				By comparing DHE fluorescence imaging and ex vivo autoradiography images of [18F]ROStrace, a high correlation was observed between signal intensity and distribution in the two imaging modalities.	[20]
[18F]1a	hydrocyanin	superoxide, hydroxyl radical	blood pool	Dynamic scans confirmed that [18F]1a does not self-oxidize and is stable. Additionally, it is compatible with both fluorescence and PET imaging modalities.	[46]
[68Ga]Galuminox	luminol	superoxide, hydrogen peroxide	lung	The uptake of [68Ga]Galuminox was approximately 4-fold higher in the lungs of mice with LPS-induced inflammation than in control mice. Additionally, LPS-treated A549 cells showed fluorescence in the same regions for both Galuminox and MitoSOX.	[47]
[125/131I]I-PISO	HKSOX-1	superoxide	abdomen, ankle	In the abdomen of endogenous O2•− mouse model, [131I]PISO PET demonstrated increased uptake compared to control subjects, but, this was significantly decreased upon superoxide removal by Tiron. Inflammation-induced ankles absorbed twice as much [125I]PISO as healthy ankles.	[48]
[11C]VitC	ascorbic acid	superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid	brain	[11C]VitC uptake in the rat brain was selective, depending on the presence or absence of oxidation.	[21]
[18F]KS1			tumor	In tumor-bearing rats, DOX-induced rats, and tumor-bearing rhesus monkeys, [18F]KS1 showed specific absorption at ROS expression sites.	[30]
[18F]BCPP-EF	pyridazinone	MC-I	brain	[18F]BCPP-EF PET scans were performed at 3 and 24 h after QA injection into the rat striatum to induce brain injury. No significant change in [18F]BCPP-EF uptake was observed at 3 h, but uptake in the striatum and cerebral hemisphere significantly decreased at 24 h.	[49]
[18F]2	curcumin/melatonin hybrid			In the comparison of [18F]2 uptake in the brain between 5× FAD transgenic and wild-type mice, lower uptake was observed in AD mice.	[50]
[18F]FSPG	glutamate	system xc−	tumor	A2780 tumor-bearing mice treated with DOX were monitored using [18F]FSPG. Tumor retention of [18F]FSPG decreased by 42% 24 h after DOX treatment.	[51]
[18F]FASu	L-aminosuberic acid			The efficacy of [18F]FASu was compared to [18F]FDG in mice bearing SKOV-3 tumors. [18F]FASu exhibited a 5.2-fold higher tumor uptake and a 4.6-fold greater tumor-to-blood ratio than [18F]FDG.	[52]

DHE, dihydroethidium; DOX, doxorubicin; EMT6 cell, murine mammary carcinoma cell; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; ROS, reactive oxygen species; BBB, blood-brain barrier; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; A549, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line; PET, positron emission tomography; MC-I, mitochondrial complex I; QA, quinolinic acid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease, system x_c⁻, cystine/glutamate transporter; SKOV-3, human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line.