Table 5.

Summary of the predicted metabolites.

Metabolite Name	Properties/Pharmacological Activities	Drug Target Protein	References
2-hydroxyethyl hexadecanoate (2-HEP)	Antibacterial; damages bacterial cell membranes and disrupts bacterial growth. Effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	Membrane phospholipids	[29]
Gluconapin	By myrosinase, and AITC has been demonstrated to be effective against various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus	Membrane phospholipids	[30,31]
3-phenylpropionitrile	Antibacterial; disrupts bacterial membranes by forming pores. Effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	Bacterial cell membrane proteins (pore-forming)	[33]
Flamenol	Antibacterial properties against various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	-	[31]
Glucobrassicanapin(1−)	Antibacterial; a glucosinolate broken down into isothiocyanates, which have a broad range of antibacterial activities.	Enzyme involved in sulfur metabolism and membrane protein	[34]
2-chlorobenzoic acid (2-CBA)	Antibacterial; disrupts bacterial cell membranes and inhibits DNA synthesis. Effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis.	DNA replication proteins, membrane proteins	[35,36]
3-methoxybenzaldehyde	Antibacterial; disrupts bacterial cell membranes. Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	Membrane lipids and proteins	[37,38,39]
1-naphthyl β-D-glucoside	Antibacterial; inhibits bacterial glycosyltransferases, necessary for cell wall synthesis. Effective against multi-drug-resistant and non-resistant strains.	Cell wall synthesis	[40,41]
Sinapine	Antibacterial; disrupts bacterial cell membranes by interacting with phospholipids. Effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., MRSA).	Membrane phospholipids	[42,43]
3-butenyldesulfoglucosinolate	Antibacterial; derived from garlic, known for antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus.	Membrane proteins	[44,45]
Gluconapin(1−)	Antibacterial; converts into isothiocyanates, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit enzymes. Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria.	Membrane proteins	[31,32]
5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid	Antibacterial; potential as an antioxidant and in the synthesis of agents. Limited information on antibacterial capabilities.	-	-