Figure 2.
Illustration of the central pathogenetic pathways during cataracto-genesis associated with aging, systemic hypertension or diabetes. ATP: adenosintriphosphat; Ca2+: calcium; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GSH: glutathione; K+: potassium; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; Na+: sodium; NOX: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UPR: unfolded protein response. Upward arrows indicate upregulation or increased activity or increased concentration, whereas downward arrows indicate downregulation or decreased activity or decreased concentration.