Figure 2.

Effects of ATRA on cellular metabolic functions of 2D ARPE monolayer cells not treated or treated with TGF-β2 under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. * p < 0.05. Planar ARPE cells that were prepared with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL) and/or ATRA (100 nM) for six days under normoxia and hypoxia conditions were subjected to real-time metabolic function analysis using a Seahorse XFe96 Bioanalyzer. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) under a normoxia condition (~21% O₂) and a hypoxia condition (~3% O₂) and values of metabolic indices were determined. Panel (A) Changes in OCR under normal oxygen conditions. Panel (B) Changes in OCR under hypoxic conditions; Panels (C–H) Indices of mitochondrial functions. To avoid multiple comparisons, statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test for each mitochondrial function index. Ctrl = Control, Oligo = oligomycin, R/A = rotenone/antimycin A. Fresh preparations were used in all experiments (n = 4 in each group). * p < 0.05.