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Effects of ATRA on ROS levels of 2D cultured ARPE19 cells not treated or treated with TGF-β2 under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. ** p < 0.01. In the absence or presence of ATRA (100 nM), 2D ARPE19 cells not treated or treated with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL) were prepared under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Each ARPE19 cell was then subjected to measurement of ROS, and those values were plotted. All experiments were performed in triplicate using fresh preparations. ** p < 0.01.
