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. 2024 Sep 30;12(10):2228. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12102228

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of ATRA on mRNA expression of (A) COL1, (B) αSMA, (C) Zo-1, (D) HIF1α, and (E) PGC1α in 2D cultured ARPE19 cells not treated or treated with TGF-β2 under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. In the absence or presence of ATRA (100 nM), 2D cultured ARPE19 cells not treated or treated with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL) were prepared under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Each sample was subjected to qPCR analysis, and the mRNA expression levels of possibly related factors, including Panel (A) a major ECM, collagen 1 (COL1), Panel (B) a marker of myofibroblast formation, α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), Panel (C) a major tight junction-related component, Zo-1, Panel (D) hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF1α), and Panel (E) a master regulator for mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), were estimated. All experiments were performed in duplicate using fresh preparations (n = 5 each). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.