Table 3.
Biological activities of the optimized BB extract: (A) in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria (by agar diffusion and microdilution methods); (B) inhibitory activity against reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS); (C) inhibition of central nervous system-related enzymes; (D) anti-inflammatory activity; (E) cytotoxic effects.
| A: Antimicrobial activity | |||
| MIC (mg/mL) | Inhibition zone (mm) | ||
| Escherichia coli | NI | NI | Lactic acid 40% (18.96 ± 3.59) |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 8 | 15.86 ± 1.43 | Lactic acid 40% (17.43 ± 3.41) |
| Bacillus cereus | 1.2 | 5.45 ± 1.06 | Lactic acid 40% (17.10 ± 3.36) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | >8 | 12.06 ± 1.88 | Lactic acid 40% (19.08 ± 4.59) |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 1.2 | 9.77 ± 1.63 | Lactic acid 40% (18.06 ± 2.93) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | >8 | 10.86 ± 0.23 | Lactic acid 40% (19.45 ± 1.45) |
| B: Antioxidant activity (ROS, RNS) | |||
| IC50 (µg/mL) | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
| Hydroxyl radical (●OH) | 446.1 ± 22.3 | Ascorbic acid (183 µg/mL) | |
| Nitric oxide (●NO) | 55.35 ±2.76 | Ascorbic acid (446 µg/mL) | |
| Superoxide anion (O2●–) | 44.25 ± 2.21 | Ascorbic acid (160 µg/mL) | |
| Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | 108.4 ± 5.4 | Ascorbic acid (51 µg/mL) | |
| C: Enzymatic inhibition | |||
| IC50 (µg/mL) | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
| Tyrosinase | 329.6 ± 16.4 | Kojic acid (1.82 µg/mL) | |
| Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) | 133.6 ± 6.68 | Clorgyline (25 ng/mL) | |
| Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) | 154.8 ± 7.74 | Selegiline (2.1 µg/mL) | |
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | >2000 | Galantamine (0.92 µg/mL) | |
| Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) | 712.9 ± 35 | Galantamine (4.92 µg/mL) | |
| D: Anti-inflammatory activity | |||
| IC50 (µg/mL) | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
| RAW264.7 | 320.5 ± 10.6 | Dexamethasone 7.23 ± 0.85 | |
| E: Cytotoxic effects | |||
| IC50 (µg/mL) | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
| A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) | 87.57 ± 2.04 | Ellipticine (<1 mg/mL) | |
| HEPG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) | 52.85 ± 2.71 | Ellipticine (0.85 ± 0.046) | |
| AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma) | 38.75 ± 2.18 | Ellipticine (<1 mg/mL) | |
| Vero | 85.85 ± 2.67 | Ellipticine (<1 mg/mL) | |
Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; Vero, the African green monkey kidney-derived cell line; AGS, the human gastric cancer cell line; A549, the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line; HEPG2, the human hepatocarcinoma cell line.