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. 2024 Oct 1;46(10):11057–11074. doi: 10.3390/cimb46100657

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Main pathways for L-ascorbic acid (L-AsA) biosynthesis in animals and plants. GULO, animal L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase; GULLO, plant L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase; GalDH, L-galactono-γ-lactone dehydrogenase; GME, GDP-d-mannose epimerase; GGP, GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase [43,44,45].