Table 2.

Comparison of TLS detection methods.

Method	Source	Target	Single Cell	Characterization	Quantification	Localization
HE	FFPE	Tissue	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
IHC/mIHC	FFPE	Protein	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
IF/mIF	Fresh tissues FFPE	Protein	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
FCM	Fresh tissues Peripheral blood	Protein	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
RNA-seq	Fresh tissues FFPE Peripheral blood	mRNA	No	Yes	Yes	No
scRNA-seq	Fresh tissues Peripheral blood	mRNA	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
ST	Frozen tissue FFPE	mRNA	No	Yes	No	Yes

HE, hematoxylin and eosin; FFPE, formalin-fixed and parrffin-embedded; IHC, immunohistochemistry; mIHC, multiplex immunohistochemistry; IF, immunofluorescence; mIF, multiplex immunofluorescence; FCM, flow cytometry; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; scRNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing; ST, spatial transcriptomics.