Table 2. Associations Between Dietary Variables and Self-Concept at Baseline (2017–2018) and Mental Health at 1-Year Follow-Up (2018–2019) Among 13,887 Adolescents Participating in the COMPASS Study, Canadaa .
| Variable | Unadjusted model | Adjusted modelb | Sensitivity analyses |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1c | Model 2d | |||
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| Exposure of interest | ||||
| Consumption of vegetables and fruite | −0.24 (−0.29 to −0.19)f | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) |
| SSB composite indexg | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.20)f | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)f | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)f | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)f |
| Positive exposure control | ||||
| Self-concepth | 0.68 (0.66 to 0.70)f | 0.19 (0.17 to 0.22)f | 0.19 (0.16 to 0.21)f | 0.19 (0.16 to 0.21)f |
| Anxiety symptoms | ||||
| Exposure of interest | ||||
| Consumption of vegetables and fruite | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.07)f | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.03 (0 to 0.07) | 0.04 (0 to 0.07) |
| SSB composite indexg | 0.15 (0.12 to 0.17)f | 0.02 (0 to 0.05)f | 0.02 (0 to 0.05)f | 0.02 (0 to 0.05)f |
| Positive exposure control | ||||
| Self-concepth | 0.53 (0.52 to 0.55)f | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.15)f | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.14)f | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.14)f |
| Psychological well-being | ||||
| Exposure of interest | ||||
| Consumption of vegetables and fruite | 0.45 (0.41 to 0.50)f | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.10)f | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)f | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)f |
| SSB composite indexg | −0.11 (−0.14 to −0.08)f | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)f | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)f | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)f |
| Positive exposure control | ||||
| Self-concepth | −0.70 (−0.71 to −0.68)f | −0.21 (−0.23 to −0.18)f | −0.21 (−0.23 to −0.18)f | −0.20 (−0.23 to −0.18)f |
Abbreviations: COMPASS, Cannabis, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol, Smoking, and Sedentary behavior; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
Data were from the COMPASS study, which annually collects survey data from approximately 60,000 students in grades 9 through 12 (aged 13–18 y) in secondary schools in British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario, and Secondary I–V students (aged 12–17 y) in Quebec, Canada (9). All values are β (95% CI); βs are the unstandardized β-coefficients from the linear mixed-effects models.
Adjusted models were adjusted for depressive and anxiety symptoms or psychological well-being at baseline (as appropriate), weekly spending money, age, sex, breakfast skipping, weight loss attempts, physical activity, screen time, sleep, smoking cigarettes and e-cigarettes, binge-drinking, cannabis use, supportive social relationships, and happy family life.
Additionally adjusted for self-perceived weight status.
Additionally adjusted for race and ethnicity, geographic location, and academic achievement.
Participants reported the number of servings of vegetables and fruit they consumed the day before the survey.
Estimates in which 95% CIs do not include 0.
Responses for these 3 categories of SSBs were summed to derive a composite SSB index, ranging from 0 (did not consume any SSBs in the 3 categories) to 21 (consumed SSBs from all 3 categories every day during a usual week) (13).
Self-concept was measured by the Self-Description Questionnaire II (14). Participants were asked to rate 5 statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1 corresponding to true and 5 to false): “in general, I like the way I am”; “overall, I have a lot to be proud of”; “a lot of things about me are good”; “when I do something, I do it well”; and “I like the way I look.” Responses were summed; score ranges from 0 to 25, with higher scores indicating poorer self-concept.