Table 2.
Neuroprotective functions of NMPs in PD models.
| Model | NMPs | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| PD Patients | CBD | PD symptoms ↓ | [121] |
| PD Patients | CBD | Anxiety, tremor amplitude ↓ | [122] |
| Unilateral lesions rat model | CBD | Hydroxydopamine-induced DA depletion | [124] |
| Sprague–Dawley rats | CBD | Neuroprotection ↑ | [125] |
| PC12 cells | CBD | Cell viability, differentiation, axonal (GAP-43), synaptophysin, and Synapsin I ↑ | [126] |
| SH-SY5Y cells | CBD | Cell viability ↑ Apoptosis, bax, and caspase 3. Moreover, nuclear PARP-1 ↓ |
[53] |
| Mice | CBD | Cognitive dysfunction, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, bax, caspase-3, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β inflammasome pathway ↓ Locomotion, 5-HT, DA, IL-10, TH, and Bcl-2 ↑ |
[127] |
| Rats | CBD | SNpc, mortality rate, hippocampal neurogenesis, despair- behavior, memory impairments, and neuroinflammation ↓ Neuronal maturation ↑ |
[128] |
| Mice | CBG | Motor tests, LAMP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide synthase, and COX2 ↓ | [130] |
| SH-SY5Y cells Mice (unilaterally lesioned) |
CBG | Cytoprotection, GFAP, and CD68 ↓ Motor activity ↑ |
[131] |
| SH-SY5Y cells Mice (unilaterally lesioned |
CBG | TH-positive neurons, motor activity ↑ | [132] |
| Rat | Δ9-THCV | Motor activity, TH-positive neurons ↑ | [109] |
| Pitx3ak mutant mice | AIMs, horizontal and vertical activities, FosB, pAcH3, and dyskinesia ↓ | [129] | |
| C. elegans | CBDV | α-syn, DAergic neurons ↓ | [133] |
CBD, Cannabidiol; CBDV, Cannabidivarin; DA, Dopamine; CBG, Cannabigerol; TH, Tyrosine hydroxylase; GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein; Δ9-THCV, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin; SH-SY5Y is a thrice-subcloned cell line derived from the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell line; C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans; FosB, FosB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit; pAcH3 phosphoacetyl H3; CD68, Cluster of Differentiation 68; LAMP-1, Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β, Interleukin 1 Beta; IL-10; Interleukin 10; IL-6, Interleukin 6; COX2, Cyclooxygenase 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; NLRP3, Nod-like receptor protein 3; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2, PARP-1, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; SNpc, Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta; GAP-43, Growth-associated protein 43. Pitx3ak mice, Microphthalmia and aphakia mice; PC12 cells, Rat adrenal tumor cells; ↓, reduced; ↑, enhanced.