Table 1. Case series injury, patient, and treatment characteristics.

*: AO/OTA Fracture Classification; I&D: irrigation and debridement

Patient	Initial injury*	Age at injury (years)	Risk factor for nonunion	Type of nonunion	Additional procedures	Definitive nonunion treatment performed in conjunction with cortical venting technique	Length of follow-up after definitive nonunion treatment
1	42B2	30	Comminution, compartment syndrome	Oligotrophic	Exchange nailing x2 with bone grafting	Staged exchange nailing	48 months
2	42A3	69	Smoker, advanced age, open fracture, osteomyelitis	Hypertrophic	Removal of hardware (nail), application of Ilizarov external fixator frame, I&D (osteomyelitis)	Motorized telescoping intramedullary nail compressing across the nonunion	48 months
3	42B2	56	Smoker, open segmental fracture requiring flap coverage, multiple surgeries	Oligotrophic	Exchange nailing	Staged exchange nailing	60 months
4	33A3	32	Open comminuted fracture, need for skin graft coverage, polytrauma	Oligotrophic	Retrograde IMN, revision to distal femur lateral locking plate with bone grafting, removal of distal femur lateral locking plate	Single-stage exchange nailing	72 months