Table 4.
Neuroprotective properties of myokines using neuronal cells and animal models of PD *.
| Myokine | Experimental Model |
Mechanism of Action |
Physiological Function |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apelin-13 | SH-ST5Y cells + MPP+ + apelin-13 | ↑ ERK1/2 phosphorylation ↓ ER stress |
↓ Cell death | [418] |
| Apelin-36 | SH-ST5Y cells + MPP+ + apelin-36 | ↑ PI3K/Akt/mTOR autophagy | ↑ α-Synuclein clearance | [419] |
| Apelin-36 | Mice + MPTP + apelin-36 | ↑ GSH and SOD ↓ Caspase-3 |
↓ Anti-oxidative stress | [420] |
| Apelin-13 | SH-ST5Y cells + 6-OHDA + apelin-13 | ↑ PI3K ↓ Caspase 3 ↓ Cytochrome c |
↓ Cell death | [421] |
| FGF21 | Mice + MPTP + FGF21 SH-ST5Y cells + MPTP + FGF21 |
↑ SIRT1-autophagy | ↑ α-Synuclein clearance | [422] |
| FGF21 | Mice injected with MPTP + FGF21 SH-ST5Y cells + MPTP + FGF21 |
↑ BCL2/Bax ↓ Caspase 3 cleavage and JNK phosphorylation |
↓ Cell death | [423] |
| FGF21 | Primary dopaminergic neurons + MPP+ + FGF21 | ↓ IL-1, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α ↓ Astrocyte and microglia activation |
↑ Anti-inflammation | [423] |
| IGF-1 | PC12 cells + 6-OHDA + IGF-1 | ↓ Caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage | ↓ Cell death | [424] |
| IGF-1 | Rats + 6-OHDA + IGF-1 | ↑ PI3K/Akt | ↓ Cell death | [425] |
| IGF-1 | Rats + 6-OHDA + IGF-1 | ↑ ERK 1/2/CREB ↑ Akt/GSK3α/β/ β-catenin |
↓ Cell death | [287] |
| IGF-1 | PC12 cells + 6-OHDA + IGF-1 | ↑ HO-1 | ↓ Anti-oxidative stress | [424] |
* The table is partly based on Lee et al. [19]. Apelin-13 and -36 are modified forms of apelin. Arrows describe an increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in the biological activity measured from the experiment.