Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for demographics and differences in HADS_D (N = 191).
| Number (n)/Mean (SD) | Percent (%) |
HADS_D (Mean) |
HADS_D (SD) |
p-Value/ Statistics |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 55.3 (12.04) | - | - | - | - |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 51 | 26.7 | 5.75 | 3.155 | p = 0.005 |
| Female | 140 | 73.3 | 4.38 | 2.865 | t = 2.837 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 47 | 24.6 | 4.04 | 2.621 |
p = 0.001 F = 7.766 post hoc: single vs. other p = 0.010 married vs. other p = 0.036 |
| Married | 120 | 62.8 | 4.6 | 2.748 | |
| Other (separated, divorced) |
24 | 12.6 | 6.83 | 3.975 | |
| Occupation | |||||
| No | 101 | 52.9 | 4.95 | 3.339 | p = 0.306 |
| Yes | 90 | 47.1 | 4.51 | 2.563 | t = 1.026 |
| Education | |||||
| ≤Primary school (9 grade) |
31 | 16.2 | 5.45 | 3.793 |
p = 0.541 F = 0.720 |
| High school | 54 | 28.3 | 4.63 | 3.036 | |
| College graduate | 90 | 47.1 | 4.56 | 2.805 | |
| Postgraduate degree | 16 | 8.4 | 4.81 | 2.136 | |
| Family monthly income (TWD) (N = 181) | |||||
| ≤29,999 | 33 | 17.3 | 5.52 | 3.607 |
p = 0.036 F = 2.639 post hoc: (Scheffé) non-significant |
| 30,000–49,999 | 38 | 19.9 | 3.71 | 2.680 | |
| 50,000–69,999 | 43 | 22.5 | 4.86 | 2.900 | |
| 70,000–89,999 | 19 | 9.9 | 5.74 | 2.557 | |
| ≥90,000 | 48 | 25.1 | 4.25 | 2.733 | |
| Smoking | |||||
| No | 145 | 75.9 | 4.32 | 2.784 | p = 0.001 |
| Yes a | 46 | 24.1 | 6.07 | 3.289 | t = 3.533 |
| Drinking | |||||
| No | 99 | 51.8 | 4.81 | 3.212 | p = 0.757 |
| Yes | 92 | 48.2 | 4.67 | 2.766 | t = 0.310 |
| Areca (betel nut) | |||||
| No | 173 | 90.6 | 4.62 | 2.872 | p = 0.074 |
| Yes | 18 | 9.4 | 5.94 | 3.918 | t = −1.796 |
| Life dependence | |||||
| No | 173 | 90.6 | 4.45 | 2.699 | p = 0.005 |
| Yes | 18 | 9.4 | 7.61 | 4.146 | t = −3.170 |
| Exercise | |||||
| No | 61 | 31.9 | 5.28 | 3.312 | p = 0.101 |
| Yes | 129 | 67.5 | 4.47 | 2.812 | t = 1.657 |
| Religion | |||||
| No | 54 | 28.3 | 4.96 | 3.040 | p = 0.527 |
| Yes | 137 | 71.7 | 4.66 | 2.989 | t = 0.634 |
Abbreviations: HADS_D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression; a “Smoking:Yes” refers to occasional smoking (only in social situations, never alone), current smoking (smoking addiction), and abstinence.