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. 2024 Oct 18;14(20):2319. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14202319

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Stages of biofilm formation [43,44]. (A) Reversible attachment; (B) Irreversible attachment; (C) Growth and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production; (D) Maturation; (E) Dispersal.