AB	antibiotic
ABC	Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette Superfamily
AlgU	extra cytoplasmic function sigma factor
AMR	antimicrobial resistance
ARGs	antimicrobial resistance genes
c-di-GMP	cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate
COVID-19	coronavirus disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus
DHFR	dihydrofolate reductase
DHPS	dihydropteroate synthase
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EDTA	ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EPS	extracellular polymeric substances
FAD	flavin adenine dinucleotide
HlyE	haemolysin E
IL-1β	interleukin 1β
IL-4	interleukin 4
IL-6	interleukin 6
IL-8	interleukin 8
IL-10	interleukin 10
IL-13	interleukin 13
IM	inner membrane
In	gene cassettes/integrons
IS	insertion sequences IS
Lipid A-pEtN	lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase
LOS	lipooligosaccharides
Lpp	lipoprotein
LPSs	lipopolysaccharides
MATE	Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Superfamily
MDR ĖSKAPE pathogens	multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens indicated in the article
MFS	Major Facilitator Superfamily
MGE	mobile genetic elements
NOD1	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1
OM	outer membrane
OmpA	outer membrane protein A
OMPs	outer membrane proteins
OMVs	out membrane vesicles
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PBP	penicillin-binding proteins
PG	peptidoglycan
PL	phospholipids
PQS	Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal
PRRs	pattern recognition receptors
RND	Resistance Nodulation and Cell Division Superfamily.
RNR	ribonucleic acid
RpoE	an alternative sigma factor of E. coli
QSS	quorum sensing system
SMR	Small Multidrug Resistance Superfamily
TetX	monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics
TetX2	monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline and tigecycline
Tn	transposons
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
Comment: Names of bacteria and genes are presented in italics.