Table 2.

All translational studies utilizing CAQK (PI—post injury; si/mRNA—small interfering/messenger ribonucleic acid; CBC—complete blood count; BMP—basic metabolic panel; BBB—Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring system; MEP—motor evoked potential; BMS—Basso Mouse Scale open-field scoring system).

Reference	Injury Model	Mechanism of Injury	Route of Administration	Treatment Frequency	Nanoparticle	Therapeutic Molecule	CAQK Concentration	Cellular Impact	Functional Impact	Adverse Effect
1. AP Mann et al., 2016 USA [10]	TBI	Penetrating injuryBlunt cortical impact	Tail vein	6 h and 24 h PI	Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs)Silver nanoparticles	siRNA	300 μg of CAQK-PSiNPs/siRNA	Gene downregulation	N/A	N/A
2. P Wu et al., 2019 China [15]	TBI	Controlled cortical impact	Tail vein	~PI, Once	Activatable protein nanoparticle (APNP)	Tat-NR2B9c (TN)	N/A	Neuroprotective	Improved EPM	Not tested
3. LE Waggoner et al., 2022 USA [20]	TBI	Controlled cortical impact	Tail vein	2 h PI, Once	Porous silicon nanoparticle (PSiNPs)	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	10 μg of CAQK	Neuroprotective	N/A	N/A
4. L Zare et al., 2023 Iran [25]	TBI	Demyelination	Tail vein	6d PI, Once	Porous silicon nanoparticle (PSiNPs)	Methylprednisolone (MP)	4.84 μg of CAQK-PSiNPs/MP	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	N/A	N/A
5. C Abi-Ghanem et al., 2022 USA [16]	TBISCI	Demyelination	Retro-orbital plexusTail vein	24 h or 5d PI, Once	None	None	1 nmol/μL of FAM-CAQK	N/A	N/A	N/A
6. Q Wang et al., 2018 China & USA [14]	SCI	Weight drop	Local administration using hydrogel	~PI, Once	Liposome (LIP)	Docetaxel (DTX)Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (GFs)	10 μg of CAQK-LIP/GFs & DTX	Neuroprotective	Improved BBB and footprint test	N/A
7. G Sun et al., 2019 China [5]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	1d PI, Once	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)	Arctigenin (ARC-G)	0.5 mg of CAQK-MSN/ARC-G(on uninjured model)	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved MEP	No adverse effects in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidneyCBC/BMP normal
8. J Wang et al., 2020 China [11]	SCI	Weight drop	Intravenous	2 h then every 2d PI	Polymeric micelle	Apocynin (APO)	13.388 nmol/μL of CAQK	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved BMS and footprint test	No adverse effects in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidney.
9. T Li et al., 2022 China [17]	SCI	Weight drop	Intravenous	6 h PI, Once	Zein-based spherical nanoparticles (NPs)	Metformin (MET)	300 μg of CAQK	N/A	N/A	N/A
10. T Li et al., 2022 China [18]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	6 h PI then daily for 7d	Zein-based spherical nanoparticles (NPs)	Metformin (MET)	N/A	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved MEP	Liver and kidney damageMyelosupression that resolved
11. Y Rong et al., 2022 China [19]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	daily for 5d PI	Extracellular vesicles (EVs)	siRNA	1 μg/μL CAQK-EVs	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved MEP	No adverse effect
12. B Wang et al., 2022 China [21]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	~PI, Once	PMSC-EVs (EXO)	CRISPR/Cas9 (@P)	50 μg of CAQK-EXO/@P	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved BMS and CatWalk	No adverse effects in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidneyCBC/BMP normal
13. F Wu et al., 2023 China [3]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	Weekly for 4 weeks	Dual-targeting liposome with R2KC peptide	Basic fibroblast growth factor	N/A	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved BBB and footprint test	N/A
14. J Xu et al., 2023 China [22]	SCI	Weight drop	Tail vein	3d PI	Mitochondria (Mito)	Mitochondria (Mito)	1 mg of Tpp-CAQK-Mito	Anti-inflammatoryNeuroprotective	Improved MEP, BMS, LSS, grid walking test	No adverse effect in heart/liver/spleen/lung/kidney
15. P Xu et al., 2023 China [23]	SCI	Weight drop	Intravenous	2 h then daily for 7d PI	HPAA-BM@CD-HPG-C	p38 inhibitorIGF-1	N/A	Neuroprotective	Improved MEP and BMS	No adverse effects in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidneyCBC/BMP normal
16. X Yu et al., 2023 China [24]	Knee joint	Patellar disconnection	Local	~PI, Once	Cartilage targeting ionizable lipid nanoparticle	IGF-1 mRNA	N/A	Anti-apoptosis	N/A	No adverse effects in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidneyCBC/BMP normal