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. 2024 Oct 10;25(20):10911. doi: 10.3390/ijms252010911

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The STRING protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for AD-related blood-based biomarkers. The STRING database was queried with a subset of proteins relevant as blood biomarkers in AD, generating four distinct clusters: core AD proteins, mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins, neuroinflammatory proteins, and vascular pathology-related proteins. The PPI network highlights significant overlaps and interactions between pathways common to both blood and brain cells, reflecting the complex molecular mechanisms driving AD pathogenesis.