Table 4.

Differential expression of AD-related BBBMs in comparison to frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, and vascular dementia.

Dementia Type	GFAP	p-Tau181	NfL	T-Tau	Correlating Features
AD	Elevated early	Elevated	Elevated	No significant alteration	Correlates with Aβ, tau pathology
FTD	Elevated	Mildly elevated	Elevated	Elevated	p-Tau181 demonstrates higher diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing FTD from AD
LBD	Elevated	Mildly elevated	Elevated	Elevated	All biomarkers overlap with AD pathology
VaD	No significant alteration	No significant alteration	Elevated	No significant alteration	Correlates with the extent of neurovascular damage

GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; p-Tau181: phosphorylated tau 181; NfL: neurofilament light chain; T-tau: total tau; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; LBD: Lewy body dementia; VaD: vascular dementia.