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. 2024 Oct 16;25(20):11096. doi: 10.3390/ijms252011096

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Epitope spreading in ANCA-associated vasculitis. The image illustrates the process of epitope spreading in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Initially, PR3–ANCA and MPO–ANCA antibodies target specific epitopes on PR3 and MPO, respectively. As the disease progresses, intramolecular epitope spreading occurs, leading to the recognition of new epitopes. This spreading contributes to increased vascular injury and inflammation, playing a crucial role in disease progression and relapse. (Created in BioRender.com).