Extended Data Table 1. Parameter values for the full model (Eqn. 1).

Each parameter is listed with a brief explanation of its meaning and the values used for all simulations within this work. For parameters that were not assigned a specific value ($R_{1,in}$ and $R_{2,in}$), a range is provided in closed brackets to indicate the sample space of values used for figure generation. The listed parameters were either inferred from a set of experimental data using a nonlinear optimization algorithm in MATLAB (Inferred), or manually chosen to be simple and symmetrical (Simple).

Parameter	Interpretation	Inferred	Simple
${\mathit{\mu }}_{1,\mathit{\text{max}}}$	Maximum specific growth rate of $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	0.7045	1
${\mathit{\mu }}_{2,\mathit{\text{max}}}$	Maximum specific growth rate of $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	0.9517	1
${\mathit{k}}_{13}$	Saturation constant for glucose consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	3.7551	10
${\mathit{k}}_{23}$	Saturation constant for glucose consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	10.698	10
${\mathit{k}}_{12}$	Saturation constant for tyrosine consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	20.867	10
${\mathit{k}}_{21}$	Saturation constant for phenylalanine consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	8.6907	10
${\mathit{q}}_{13}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$ biomass from glucose	1.2770	1
${\mathit{q}}_{23}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$ biomass from glucose	3.5704	1
${\mathit{q}}_{12}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$ biomass from tyrosine	43.302	10
${\mathit{q}}_{21}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$ biomass from phenylalanine	39.073	10
${\mathit{q}}_{11}$	Maximum production rate of phenylalanine by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	80.364	20
${\mathit{q}}_{22}$	Maximum production rate of tyrosine by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	46.602	20
D	Dilution rate of the chemostat	0.2000
${\mathit{R}}_{1,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of phenylalanine in the feedstock	[0, 200]
${\mathit{R}}_{2,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of tyrosine in the feedstock	[0, 200]
${\mathit{R}}_{3,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of glucose in the feedstock	11.1111