Extended Data Table 2. Best estimate parameter values used for the biomolecular model (Eqn. S1).

Each parameter is listed with a brief explanation of its meaning and the value used for all simulations within this work. For parameters that were not assigned a specific value ($R_{1,\text{in}}$ and $\left.R_{2,in}\right)$, a range is provided in closed brackets to indicate the sample space of values used for figure generation. Parameters used for discrete time simulations were inferred from a set of experimental data using a nonlinear optimization algorithm in MATLAB. Parameters specific to the chemostat simulations were manually selected.

Parameter	Interpretation	Value
${\mathit{\mu }}_{1,\mathit{\text{max}}}$	Maximum specific growth rate of $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	0.3750
${\mathit{\mu }}_{2,\mathit{\text{max}}}$	Maximum specific growth rate of $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	0.8817
${\mathit{k}}_{13}$	Saturation constant for glucose consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	1.9620
${\mathit{k}}_{23}$	Saturation constant for glucose consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	4.5814
${\mathit{k}}_{12}$	Saturation constant for tyrosine consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	2.0413
${\mathit{k}}_{21}$	Saturation constant for phenylalanine consumption by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	6.9279
${\mathit{q}}_{13}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$ biomass from glucose	5.4112
${\mathit{q}}_{23}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$ biomass from glucose	4.1842
${\mathit{q}}_{12}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$ biomass from tyrosine	37.7558
${\mathit{q}}_{21}$	Yield quotient for $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$ biomass from phenylalanine	46.5086
${\mathit{q}}_{11}$	Maximum production rate of phenylalanine by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	20.4518
${\mathit{q}}_{22}$	Maximum production rate of tyrosine by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	11.3321
${\mathit{k}}_1$	Saturation constant for phenylalanine production by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	10.7868
${\mathit{k}}_2$	Saturation constant for tyrosine production by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	2.4787
${\mathit{n}}_1$	Hill coefficient for phenylalanine production by $\Delta \mathit{\text{tyrA}}$	1.6251
${\mathit{n}}_2$	Hill coefficient for tyrosine production by $\Delta \mathit{\text{pheA}}$	6.7650
D	Dilution rate of the chemostat	0.1000
${\mathit{R}}_{1,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of phenylalanine in the feedstock	[0, 200]
${\mathit{R}}_{2,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of tyrosine in the feedstock	[0, 200]
${\mathit{R}}_{3,\mathit{\text{in}}}$	Concentration of glucose in the feedstock	11.1111