Extended Data Table 3. Composition of microbial culture media.

Cultures were grown in either EZ Rich Defined Media (Teknova #M2105), MOPS Minimal Media (Teknova, #M2106), or MOPS Minimal Media with various spike in concentrations of tyrosine and/or phenylalanine. All media are chemically defined, and the exact composition is provided here. For the two columns that correspond with either EZ Rich Defined Media or MOPS Minimal Media, the letter O indicates the presence of a specific media component, while the letter X indicates the absence of a component.

Solution	Component	Concentration	EZ Rich	Minimal
Modified MOPS Buffer (Teknova, M2101)	MOPS buffer	40 mM	O	O
	Tricine (MW 179.2)	4 mM	O	O
	Iron sulfate	0.01 mM	O	O
	Ammonium chloride	9.5 mM	O	O
	Potassium sulfate	0.276 mM	O	O
	Calcium chloride	0.5 μM	O	O
	Magnesium chloride	0.525 mM	O	O
	Sodium chloride	50 mM	O	O
	Ammonium molybdate	2.92E-07 mM	O	O
	Boric acid	4.00E-05 mM	O	O
	Cobalt chloride	3.02E-06 mM	O	O
	Cupric sulfate	9.62E-07 mM	O	O
	Manganese chloride	8.08E-06 mM	O	O
	Zinc sulfate	9.74E-07 mM	O	O
ACGU Solution (Teknova, M2103)	Potassium hydroxide	1.5 mM	O	O
	Adenine	0.199 mM	O	O
	Cytosine	0.199 mM	O	O
	Uracil	0.199 mM	O	O
	Guanine	0.199 mM	O	O
Supplement EZ (Teknova, M21024)	L-alanine	0.8 mM	O	X
	L-arginine HCL	5.2 mM	O	X
	L-asparagine	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-aspartic acid, potassium salt	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-glutamic acid, potassium salt	0.6 mM	O	X
	L-glutamine	0.6 mM	O	X
	L-glycine	0.8 mM	O	X
	L-Histidine HCl H2O	0.2 mM	O	X
	L-isoleucine	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-proline	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-serine	10 mM	O	X
	L-threonine	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-tryptophan	0.1 mM	O	X
	L-valine	0.6 mM	O	X
	L-leucine	0.8 mM	O	X
	L-lysine HCl	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-methionine	0.2 mM	O	X
	L-phenylalanine	0.4 mM	O	X
	L-cysteine HCl	0.1 mM	O	X
	L-tyrosine	0.2 mM	O	X
	Thiamine HCl	0.01 mM	O	X
	Calcium pantothenate	0.01 mM	O	X
	p-Amino benzoic acid	0.01 mM	O	X
	p-Hydroxy benzoic acid	0.01 mM	O	X
M2102	Potassium Phosphate Dibasic	1.32 mM	O	O
G0520	Glucose	11.11 mM	O	O