Table 2.

The active compound identified by GCMS instrument with NIST-11 database.

No.	Retention time (min)	Area (%)	Name	Molecular formula	Similarity (%)	Role(s)
1	8.921	3.07	Tetradecane	C14H30	75	Antifungal and antibacterial (Ozdemir et al. 2004)
2	9.167	6.88	Pentadecane	C15H32	92	Antimicrobial (Martinac et al.1987; Firdaus et al. 2019)
3	9.570	1.30	2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol	C11H24O	87	Antimicrobial (Selvin et al. 2009)
4	9.700	1.04	2-methyl-1-decanol	C11H24O	87	–
5	9.855	2.22	2,6,11-trimethyl-dodecane	C15H32	91	–
6	11.024	1.08	E-14-Hexadecenal	C16H30O	84	–
7	13.199	1.33	2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecane	C20H42	82	Flavouring agent (Pammi et al. 2021)
8	13.346	6.30	Hexadecane	C16H34	90	Antifungal and antibacterial (Yogeswari et al. 2012; Akpuaka et al. 2013)
9	13.952	20.94	Butylated hydroxytoluene	C15H24O	95	Antimicrobial (Ayaz et al. 1980; Lim et al. 1987)
10	18.020	1.15	Dodecyl ester chloroacetic acid	C14H27ClO2	88	–
11	18.361	8.86	Eicosane	C20H42	87	Antifungal, antibacterial, inhibit foodborne pathogen, antitumour and cytotoxic effect (Hsouna et al. 2011; Yogeswari et al. 2012; Akpuaka et al. 2013; Kazemi 2015; Okechukwu 2020)
12	18.538	1.23	1-iodo-hexadecane	C16H33I	75	Inhibitory effect on AD-like lesions, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer (Kim et al. 2022)
13	19.167	1.07	2-methoxycarbonyl-2-methylbrendane	C12H18O2	65	–
14	20.459	1.73	Benzoic acid, 2-fluoro-5,6-dimethoxy	C9H9FO4	59	–
15	20.539	2.70	(E)-2-Heptenedioic acid, 4-cyclopropyl-, dimethyl ester	C12H18O4	53	–
16	20.787	1.54	Hexadecanal	C16H32O	93	–
17	22.967	4.86	Heptadecane, 2-methyl	C18H38	89	–
18	23.055	1.70	Methyl ester hexadecanoic acid	C17H34O2	92	Antioxidant, antifungal and antimicrobial (Hema et al. 2011; Astiti & Ramona 2021)
19	23.509	1.76	Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester	C18H28O3	91	Antimicrobial (Ahmad et al. 2012; Akpuaka et al. 2013; Amrati et al. 2021)
20	23.860	14.60	L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate	C38H68O8	86	Antioxidant, antitumour, wound healing and antimicrobial properties (Igwe & Okwunodulu 2014; Hadi et al. 2016)
21	24.550	3.51	5-methyl-1-phenylbicyclo[3.2.0] heptane	C14H18	69	Antivirus (Poongulali & Sundararaman 2016)
22	24.959	1.63	Oxirane, heptadecyl	C19H38O	93	–
23	27.667	3.48	Octadecanoic acid	C18H36O2	83	Antibacterial and antifungal (Akpuaka et al. 2013)
24	27.845	1.32	Tetracosane	C24H50	87	Anticancer (Paudel et al. 2019)

Note: (–) Unknown roles