Table 2.
Engineered Tropism of Pseudotyped Enveloped Viruses and Their Applications.
| Virus | Pseudotyping | Tropism | Applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retro/ lentivirus |
VSV-G | Broad (LDL-R positive cells) | Gene delivery, creation of stable-cell lines | [71,72] |
| (1) BaEV | (1) CD34 positive SC | Gene delivery to cells with less efficient VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviruses transduction | [73] | |
| (2) NiV | (2) Ephrin B2 positive cells | [72] | ||
| (3) SeV | (3) Hematopoietic SC | [74] | ||
| ASLV (e.g., EnvA/EnvB) | Neurons expressing corresponding receptors. (e.g., TVA/TVB) | Functional analysis or synaptic tracing of neurons | [75] | |
| LCMV and MuLV | Brain cells, especially astrocytes | Efficient gene delivery to astrocytes | [76] | |
| (1) SARS-CoV2 spike | (1) Host-cells for SARS-CoV2 (ACE2-positive) | Transduce host-cells expressing corresponding viral receptors for vaccine development and antiviral drug discovery | [77,78,79,80] | |
| (2) Ebola envelope glycoprotein | (2) TIM-1 positive cells | [81,82] | ||
| (3) Influenza hemagglutinin | (3) sialic acid receptors expressing cells | [83,84] | ||
| Chimera envelopes: | Notably, (1) and (2) enhance precise gene delivery. Additionally, (3) mediates efficient transduction of B and T cells, improves virus particle stability, and increases virus production |
|||
| (1) Growth factors (e.g., IGF-I, EGF, EPO, SDF-1α) | (1) Cells expressing corresponding receptors | [85,86] | ||
| (2) Single-chain antibody variable fragments (scFvs) | (2) Cells expressing targeted epitopes | [87,88,89,90] | ||
| (3) Combined fragments from different viral envelops (e.g., GALV-Env and GALV-C4070A) | (3) B and T cells | [91,92] | ||
| VSV-dG | SARS-CoV-2 spike | Host-cells for SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2-positive) | Structural studies of the spike protein and therapeutic drug development | [93] |
| Rabies-dG | ASLV (e.g., EnvA/EnvB/EnvE) | Neurons expressing corresponding receptors (e.g., TVA/TVB/TBE) |
Neural circuit tracing. | [94] |
| HSV | VSV-G | Broad (LDL-R positive cells) | Virus pathogenesis research | [95,96,97] |
| HIV, Nipah, Rabies, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola envelope proteins | Antigen presenting cells | Vaccines and antiviral drugs development | Based on evidence from other enveloped viruses [98,99,100] |
Abbreviations: Stem Cells (SCs); Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); VSV-G: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein; LDL-R: low-density lipoprotein receptor; BaEV: Baboon Endogenous Retrovirus; NiV: Nipah Virus; SeV: Sendai Virus; ASLV: avian sarcoma and leukosis virus; Env: envelope; LCMV: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; MuLV: Moloney murine leukemia virus; SARS-CoV2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ACE 2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; TIM-1: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin 1, VSV-dG: Glycoprotein-deleted Vesicular Stomatitis Indiana virus; Rabies dG: Glycoprotein-deleted Rabies lyssavirus virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.