Table 1.
List of Enzymes Involved in Lipid Metabolism and Dysfunction in Various Cancers.
| Enzymes | Molecular and Cellular Activity | Effects in Cancer | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acyl-CoA synthase long-chain 3 (ACSL3) | Converts free fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA | In ER-negative breast cancer development and progression | [84] |
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase1/2 | Promotes conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA (associated with SCD) | Support tumor growth | [85] |
| Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) | Involved in cholesterol esterification Inhibits apoptosis via increase expression of caspase 3/7 activity Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential |
Leukemia, glioma, breast, pancreatic, ovarian, and prostate cancer | [86] |
| Cyclooxygenase 2 | Involved in inflammation and tumor stroma interaction | Promotes tumor growth | [87] |
| Choline kinase | Required for synthesis of Phospholipids | Poor prognosis for cancer | [88,89] |
| Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1A (CPT1A) and 1B | Formation of fatty acyl-carnitine and transport of fatty acyl-carnitine and long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane | Breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer metastasis | [90] |
| Diacylglycerol (DAG)-acyltransferase, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1(DGAT1) and DGAT2 | Catalyzes the esterification of fatty acid (FA)-CoA with DAG to produce triglycerides, a main component of LDs | In glioblastoma, acts as an antioxidant and prevents cell death | [91] |
| 2, 4,-dienoyl CoA reductase (DECR1/2) | FAO of PUFAs depends on NADPH | Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) | [92] |
| Fatty acid desaturases | Facilitates the conversion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, regulated by NF-κB | Facilitates EMT conversion | [93] |
| Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) | Hydroxylation of the C-2 position of free fatty acids | Promotes lung metastasis and invasion | |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS1/2) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) | Involved in cholesterol synthesis, Acetyl-CoA ketogenesis in mitochondria | In ER-breast cancer metastasis and gastric cancer | [86] |
| Lipoxygenase (LOXs), ALOX15 | LOX5/12/15 catalyze lipid peroxidation, mainly in a Fe2+—dependent manner | In gastric cancer-promoting ferroptosis | [94] |
| Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) | Controls neutral lipid metabolic signaling Hydrolyzes cholesteryl ester and triglycerides in lysosomes Produces FFA and cholesterol |
Role in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumorigenesis | [95] |
| Phospholipase A2 | Hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of the phospholipids | In ovarian cancer | [96] |
| Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) |
Introduces a double bond at Δ9 position in fatty acids Produces more MUFAs; Triggers an iron-dependent cell death called ferroptosis |
Poor prognosis in Stage II colon cancer, lung cancer, and endometrial cancer | [97] |
| Spinster homologue 2 (SPNS2) | Transporter for lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate Helps in lymphocyte trafficking |
Tumor progression, lung metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and poor prognosis in cancer | [98] |
| Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) | Helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors Activates storage of cholesterol and fatty acids into LDs Transcriptional regulation of lipogenesis Poor prognosis in cancer |
In HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis | [99] |