Table 2.
Characteristics of the included patients categorized based on proton pump inhibitor utilization.
| Characteristic | Entire Cohort | PPI Users | PPI Non-Users | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 41,084 | n = 12,812 | n = 28,272 | ||
| Age, median (IQR) | 52 (42–73) | 52 (42–73) | 52 (42–73) | 0.08 |
| Gender (Female), n (%) | 20,800 (50.6) | 6603 (51.5) | 14,197 (50.2) | 0.013 |
| Weight, mean (SD) | 75.1 (17.3) | 74.4 (18) | 75.4 (16.9) | <0.001 |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 2.3 (2.2) | 2.2 (2.1) | 2.3 (2.2) | 0.003 |
| NPM, mean (SD) | 6.5 (5.6) | 5.7 (5.2) | 6.9 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| CrCl, mean (SD) | 98.7 (42) | 98.6 (45) | 98.7 (41) | <0.001 |
| Reported Comorbidities | ||||
| Dementia, n (%) | 55 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 40 (0.1) | 0.5 |
| Depression, n (%) | 1599 (4) | 466 (4) | 1133 (4) | 0.07 |
| Pain, n (%) | 25,257 (62) | 7794 (61) | 17,463 (62) | 0.07 |
| Gastritis-related disease, n (%) | 13,563 (33) | 4061 (32) | 9502 (34) | <0.001 |
| Constipation, n (%) | 3842 (9) | 1134 (9) | 2708 (10) | 0.02 |
| Renal Disease, n (%) | 600 (2) | 190 (2) | 410 (2) | 0.8 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 10,025 (24) | 3085 (24) | 6940 (25) | 0.3 |
| Respiratory disorder, n (%) | 3586 (9) | 1134 (9) | 2452 (9) | 0.6 |
| Arthritis-related disease, n (%) | 29,012 (71) | 9018 (70) | 19,994 (71) | 0.5 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 7912 (19) | 2430 (19) | 5482 (19) | 0.3 |
| Co-prescribed Medications | ||||
| Antacid, n (%) | 2241 (6) | 689 (5) | 1552 (6) | 0.6 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 4646 (11) | 1514 (12) | 3132 (11) | 0.03 |
| Antiplatelets, n (%) | 5036 (12) | 1655 (13) | 3381 (12) | 0.006 |
| CCB, n (%) | 3997 (10) | 1327 (10) | 2670 (9) | 0.004 |
| Nitrate, n (%) | 443 (1) | 154 (1) | 289 (1) | 0.1 |
| NSAID, n (%) | 19,504 (48) | 6135 (48) | 13,369 (47) | 0.3 |
| TCA, n (%) | 1375 (3) | 436 (3) | 939 (3) | 0.7 |
| SSRI, n (%) | 335 (1) | 108 (1) | 227 (1) | 0.7 |
| Paracetamol, n (%) | 24,163 (59) | 7507 (59) | 16,656 (59) | 0.5 |
PPI: Proton pump inhibitor, IQR: Inter-quartile range, SD: Standard range, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, NPM: Number of prescribed medications, CrCl: Creatinine clearance. CCB: Calcium channel blocker, NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, TCA: Tricyclic anti-depressant, SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.