Table 3.
Characteristic | PPI Users | Medium-Dose Users | High-Dose Users | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 12,812 | n = 8683 | n = 4129 | ||
Age, median (IQR) | 52 (42–73) | 52 (41–73) | 53 (42–71) | <0.001 |
Gender (Female), n (%) | 6603 (52) | 4828 (56) | 1775 (43) | 0.013 |
Weight, mean (SD) | 74 (18) | 71 (21) | 81 (6) | <0.001 |
CCI, mean (SD) | 2.2 (2.1) | 2.2 (2) | 2.3 (2.1) | 0.003 |
NPM, mean (SD) | 6 (5.2) | 3 (1.5) | 12 (4.7) | <0.001 |
CrCl, mean (SD) | 99 | 96 (47) | 105 (40) | <0.001 |
Reported Comorbidities | ||||
Dementia, n (%) | 15 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 0.7 |
Depression, n (%) | 466 (4) | 318 (4) | 148 (4) | 0.8 |
Pain, n (%) | 7794 (61) | 5271 (61) | 2523 (61) | 0.7 |
Gastritis related disease, n (%) | 4061 (32) | 2705 (31) | 1356 (33) | 0.06 |
Constipation, n (%) | 1134 (9) | 785 (9) | 349 (9) | 0.3 |
Renal Disease, n (%) | 190 (2) | 144 (2) | 46 (1) | 0.02 |
Anemia, n (%) | 3085 (24) | 2104 (24) | 981 (24) | 0.6 |
Respiratory disorder, n (%) | 1134 (8) | 753 (9) | 381 (9.) | 0.3 |
Arthritis related disease, n (%) | 9018 (70) | 6174 (71) | 2844 (69) | 0.01 |
Osteoporosis, n (%) | 2430 (19) | 1629 (19) | 801 (19) | 0.4 |
Co-prescribed Medications | ||||
Antacid, n (%) | 689 (5) | 499 (6) | 190 (5) | 0.007 |
Anticoagulants, n (%) | 1514 (12) | 1066 (12) | 448 (11) | 0.02 |
Antiplatelets, n (%) | 1655 (13) | 1179 (14) | 476 (12) | 0.001 |
CCB, n (%) | 1327 (10) | 985 (11) | 342 (8) | <0.001 |
Nitrate, n (%) | 154 (1) | 116 (1) | 38 (1) | 0.04 |
NSAID, n (%) | 6135 (48) | 4215 (49) | 1920 (47) | 0.03 |
TCA, n (%) | 436 (3) | 316 (4) | 120 (3) | 0.03 |
SSRI, n (%) | 108 (1) | 84 (1) | 24 (0.6) | 0.03 |
Paracetamol, n (%) | 7507 (59) | 5180 (60) | 2327 (56) | <0.001 |
PPI: Proton pump inhibitor, IQR: Inter-quartile range, SD: Standard range, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, NPM: Number of prescribed medications, CrCl: Creatinine clearance. CCB: Calcium channel blocker, NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, TCA: Tricyclic anti-depressant, SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.