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. 2024 Oct 17;13(20):6187. doi: 10.3390/jcm13206187

Table 3.

Characteristic of the proton pump inhibitor users categorized based on dose intensity.

Characteristic PPI Users Medium-Dose Users High-Dose Users p-Value
n = 12,812 n = 8683 n = 4129
Age, median (IQR) 52 (42–73) 52 (41–73) 53 (42–71) <0.001
Gender (Female), n (%) 6603 (52) 4828 (56) 1775 (43) 0.013
Weight, mean (SD) 74 (18) 71 (21) 81 (6) <0.001
CCI, mean (SD) 2.2 (2.1) 2.2 (2) 2.3 (2.1) 0.003
NPM, mean (SD) 6 (5.2) 3 (1.5) 12 (4.7) <0.001
CrCl, mean (SD) 99 96 (47) 105 (40) <0.001
Reported Comorbidities
Dementia, n (%) 15 (0.1) 11 (0.1) 4 (0.1) 0.7
Depression, n (%) 466 (4) 318 (4) 148 (4) 0.8
Pain, n (%) 7794 (61) 5271 (61) 2523 (61) 0.7
Gastritis related disease, n (%) 4061 (32) 2705 (31) 1356 (33) 0.06
Constipation, n (%) 1134 (9) 785 (9) 349 (9) 0.3
Renal Disease, n (%) 190 (2) 144 (2) 46 (1) 0.02
Anemia, n (%) 3085 (24) 2104 (24) 981 (24) 0.6
Respiratory disorder, n (%) 1134 (8) 753 (9) 381 (9.) 0.3
Arthritis related disease, n (%) 9018 (70) 6174 (71) 2844 (69) 0.01
Osteoporosis, n (%) 2430 (19) 1629 (19) 801 (19) 0.4
Co-prescribed Medications
Antacid, n (%) 689 (5) 499 (6) 190 (5) 0.007
Anticoagulants, n (%) 1514 (12) 1066 (12) 448 (11) 0.02
Antiplatelets, n (%) 1655 (13) 1179 (14) 476 (12) 0.001
CCB, n (%) 1327 (10) 985 (11) 342 (8) <0.001
Nitrate, n (%) 154 (1) 116 (1) 38 (1) 0.04
NSAID, n (%) 6135 (48) 4215 (49) 1920 (47) 0.03
TCA, n (%) 436 (3) 316 (4) 120 (3) 0.03
SSRI, n (%) 108 (1) 84 (1) 24 (0.6) 0.03
Paracetamol, n (%) 7507 (59) 5180 (60) 2327 (56) <0.001

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor, IQR: Inter-quartile range, SD: Standard range, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, NPM: Number of prescribed medications, CrCl: Creatinine clearance. CCB: Calcium channel blocker, NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, TCA: Tricyclic anti-depressant, SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.