Table 6.
Factors associated with medium or high intensity dose of proton pump inhibitors prescribing across the entire cohort, older patients, and middle-aged patients.
| Entire Cohort | Older Patients | Middle-Aged Patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium Dose | High Dose | Medium Dose | High Dose | Medium Dose | High Dose | |
| Age | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 1 (0.99–1.02) |
| Gender (Female) | 1 (0.95–1.06) | 0.85 (0.8–0.9) | 1.1 (0.93–1.2) | 0.8 (0.7–0.99) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) |
| weight | 0.992 (0.995–0.99) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 0.992 (0.987–0.996) | 1.01 (1.004–1.02) | 0.992 (0.99–0.994) | 1 (0.99–1.01) |
| CCI | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1 (0.99–1.02) | 1 (0.96–1.02) | 1 (0.97–1.1) | 1 (0.97–1.01) | 1 (0.97–1.02) |
| NPM | 0.7 (0.69–0.71) | 1.13 (1.12–1.14) | 0.7 (0.68–0.72) | 1.13 (1.11–1.14) | 0.705 (0.7–0.71) | 1.13 (1.127–1.14) |
| CrCl | 1.002 (1.001–1.003) | 0.998 (0.997–0.999) | 1.004 (1.001–1.006) | 1.2 (1.02–1.4) | 1.001 (1.001–1.002) | 0.998 (0.997–0.999) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Dementia | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 1 (0.3–2.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) |
| Depression | 1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.92 (0.768–1.1) | 1 (0.7–1.3) | 1 (0.7–1.5) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 0.97 (0.9–1.02) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 0.9 (0.8–0.98) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.97 (0.9–1.02) | 1 (0.9–1.1) |
| Gastritis related disease | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.9 (0.8–1.02) | 1 (0.85–1.2) | 0.95 (0.9–1.01) | 1 (0.9–1.04) |
| Constipation | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 0.98 (0.9–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.09) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) |
| Renal Disease | 1.2 (0.98–1.5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.99) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.6 (0.3–0.99) | 1.2 (0.98–1.5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.99) |
| Anaemia | 1 (0.9–1.04) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1. (0.9–1.2) | 1 (0.91–1.04) | 1 (0.9–1.1) |
| Arthritis related disease | 1 (0.94–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–0.98) | 1.1 (0.99–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.94–1.05) | 0.9 (0.8–0.98) |
| Osteoporosis | 0.95 (0.9–1.02) | 1.1 (0.96–1.2) | 0.9 (0.73- 0.99) | 0.8 (0.6–0.95) | 1 (0.88–1.02) | 1 (0.9–1.2) |
| Medications | ||||||
| Antacid | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.98) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 1 (0.86–1.08) | 0.8 (0.7–0.97) |
| Anticoagulant | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1.5 (0.9–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1 (0.92–1.08) | 0.97 (0.9–1.1) |
| Antiplatelet | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.95 (0.85–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 1 (0.95–1.11) | 0.95 (0.9–1.1) |
| CCB | 1.1 (0.99–1.2) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.97) | 1 (0.98–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–0.96) |
| NSAID | 1 (0.97–1.1) | 0.95 (0.9–1.03) | 1.1 (0.99–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1 (0.94–1.05) | 1 (0.9–1.03) |
| TCA | 0.97 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 1 (0.84–1.1) | 1 (0.7–1.1) |
| SSRI | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.7 (0.5–1.5) | 2 (1.2–3.7) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 1 (0.85–1.5) | 1 (0.5–1.2) |
| Paracetamol | 0.99 (0.9–1.04) | 0.9 (0.8–0.97) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–0.99) | 1 (0.84–1.04) | 0.9 (0.8–0.96) |
Results represent odds ratio (95% confidence interval) generated from multinominal logistic regression with reference to no proton pump inhibitor use. NPM: Number of prescribed medications, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, CrCl: Creatinine clearance, SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, TCA: Tricyclic antidepressants, NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and CCB: Calcium Channel blockers.