Table 4.

Summary of included studies characteristics.

Author and Year	Aims	Design, Methods, and Country	Study Setting and Participants	Funding Source and Conflicts of Interest
Aboelbaha, 2023 [62]	To explore the knowledge, level of engagement, and perspectives on the use of PGx testing when making depression management decisions among practicing psychiatrists in the MENA region	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, Oman, Palestine, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria	Mental health settings— specifically depression management Psychiatrists	No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors. Funding was via open-access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.
Almeida, 2021 [63]	To assess the perception and knowledge of PGx among Brazilian psychiatrists	Quantitative Cross-Sectional Survey Brazil	Clinical setting not specified Psychiatrists	No conflicts of interest were declared. Lead author is a recipient of a public scholarship, but the research did not receive any specific grant funding.
Barr, 2008 [64]	To explore the range of factors that may impinge upon public and service user acceptability of the pharmacogenomics of antidepressants	Qualitative Focus Groups England, Poland, Germany, Denmark	Mental health settings— specifically depression clinics Patients General Public	The research project was funded by the European Commission. No statement on conflicts of interest stated included.
Bousman, 2022 [65]	To explore the perceptions toward PGx testing among members of the American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry	Quantitative Cross-Sectional Survey USA	Inpatient and outpatient geriatric settings Psychiatrists	Conflicts of interest declared by some authors, with some in receipt of a range of public and private funding.
Chan, 2017 [66]	To assess the attitudes and opinions of clinicians in psychiatry in Singapore towards pharmacogenomic testing, and in doing so elicit its possible barriers and risks to employ this technology in patient care	Qualitative and Quantitative Web-based survey Singapore	Public and private mental health settings Psychiatrists Pharmacists	No conflicts of interest declared by authors. Study was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council.
Dunbar, 2012 [67]	To explore experiences of ordering, receiving, and utilizing the AmpliChip® CYP450 test results, as well as the perceived advantages and disadvantages of employing the test in practice.	Qualitative Interviews New Zealand	Secondary care mental health settings Psychiatry doctors	No conflicts of interest statement included. The study was funded by Roche Diagnostics, through an unrestricted research grant, with 100 of the AmpliChip CYP450 tests being made available free of charge.
Gainey, 2017 [68]	To evaluate mental health clinicians’ perceived knowledge regarding pharmacogenetic testing, their attitude, receptivity towards, and confidence in pharmacogenetic testing, and how pharmacogenetic testing is being implemented to support precision medicine in outpatient clinics	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews USA	Outpatient mental health clinics Nurse Practitioners, Clinical Nurse Specialists, Physician Assistants Medical Doctors (certified in psychiatry)	Dissertation completed in fulfilment of a PhD. No conflicts of interest or funding statements provided.
Goodspeed, 2019 [69]	To evaluate input from mental health clinicians on electronic health record integrated clinical decision support (CDS) tool and PGx, and the reactions of psychiatry clinicians to a CDS prototype	Qualitative Focus Group USA	Clinical setting not specified Doctors Nurses (That had psychiatry certification)	The study was funded through a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. Several authors are or were employees of RxRevu, a for-profit healthcare information technology company.
Hahn, 2023 [70]	To identify barriers to implementation of PGx in Germany, to identify why implementation has been slower in other countries	Quantitative Questionnaire Germany	Inpatient depression clinics Patients
Hoop, 2008 [71]	To investigate the attitudes of a random national sample of psychiatrists about the likely impact of genetic testing on psychiatric patients and the field	Quantitative Survey USA	Mix of clinical settings—inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings, both public and private Psychiatrists	Funding from the National Institutes of Health declared. No conflicts of interest statement included.
Hoop, 2010 [72]	To systematically assess attitudes and experiences of psychiatrists regarding the role and key clinical/ethical issues relevant to Pharmacogenetic Testing in psychiatry	Qualitative and Quantitative Survey USA	Academic medical centres with Departments of Psychiatry Psychiatrists Psychiatry Residents	No conflicts of interest reported by authors. Funding declared from the ‘Research for a Healthier Tomorrow-Program Development Fund’.
Kastrinos, 2020 [73]	To understand what psychiatry patients already know about the use of PGx in psychiatry and their interest in participating in testing.	Quantitative Questionnaire USA	Clinical setting not specified Patients	Research supported by a National Institute for Health award. No conflicts of interest statement included.
Kung, 2011 [74]	To explore patient and clinician satisfaction with Pharmacogenetic Testing	Quantitative Survey USA	Inpatient psychiatry Clinicians Patients	One author is an employee of AssureRx, a personalised medicine company, but not at the time of the study. AssureRx also provided genotyping testing as part of this study.
Laplace, 2021 [75]	To evaluate the acceptability of PGxT by psychiatrists and psychiatry residents in France using a four domains acceptability model based on International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and Nielsen models (usefulness, usability, easiness, and risk).	Quantitative Survey France	Mix of clinical settings—both inpatient and outpatient psychiatry, including adult, geriatric, child and adolescent, substance misuse and forensic psychiatry Psychiatrists Psychiatry Residents	No external funding was received to conduct the research. Authors reported no conflicts of interest.
Liko, 2020 [76]	To assess patients’ perspectives and experiences with psychiatric pharmacogenetic testing	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews USA	Outpatient psychiatry— depression Clinic Patients	No conflicts of interest reported by authors. No statement about the funding of research.
McCarthy, 2020 [77]	To assess motivations, attitudes, and concerns about PGxT in a cohort of depressed veteran patients with past drug treatment failure indicating some degree of treatment resistance using the MAPP instrument	Quantitative Questionnaire USA	Secondary Care Psychiatry Patients	Funded through an award from the National Institutes for Health. No conflicts of interest declared by authors.
McMichael, 2017 [78]	To contribute to the topical issue of whether genotype information influences the treatment recommendations of psychiatrists when a patient’s treatment response (in terms of symptom improvement) is already known to the psychiatrist.	Quantitative Choice-format conjoint analysis (discrete choice experiment) Northern Ireland	Clinical setting not specified Psychiatrists	No conflicts of interest reported by authors. Financial support declared and was provided through a grant from the Department of Education and Learning.
Oestergaard, 2010 [79]	To provide expert perspectives regarding the extent to which the introduction of 5-HTTLTR pretesting in clinical practice as a routine procedure would lead to better clinical outcomes	Qualitative and Quantitative Delphi Method Not Specified	Clinical setting not specified Experts in 5-HTTLPR genotyping (doctors and pharmacists)	No conflicts of interest or funding statements included in the paper.
Salloum, 2022 [80]	Using a BWS experiment to evaluate the importance of implementation factors for PGx testing to guide antidepressant prescribing	Quantitative Best Worse Scaling Survey USA	Clinical setting not specified—participating organisations were funded and affiliate members of the IGNITE Network (a multidisciplinary consortium focused on the development, implementation, and dissemination of methods that integrate genomic medicine into clinical care) Individual participant’s roles not specified	Some authors reported a combination of funding and associations with private and public organisations. Research in the publication was funded through several research grants from a variety of public organisations and institutions.
Shishko, 2015 [81]	Evaluate psychiatric pharmacists use, knowledge, and perception of the effectiveness of PGx testing	Quantitative Cross-sectional survey USA, Canada, Abu Dhabi, Indonesia, Singapore	Mix of clinical settings—inpatient and outpatient settings, both public and private, and community pharmacy Psychiatric Pharmacists	No conflicting interests were reported by the authors and no industry funding was used in the research.
Sloat, 2022 [82]	To assess perspectives of patients with depression on PGxT for depression management and study the impact of an educational intervention for this population	Quantitative Case–control survey study USA	Clinical setting not specified Patients	University funding declared. Authors reported no conflicts of interest.
Slomp, 2022 [83]	To explore the perceptions if PGxT among PWLE and P/HCP to inform the process of considering the clinical implementation of PGxT for depression within the healthcare system in British Colombia (BC), Canada.	Qualitative Semi-structured interview Canada	Clinical setting not specified People with lived experience (PWLE) Professional stakeholders (clinicians, laboratory staff, insurance representatives, and policy makers)	Authors reported no conflicts of interest. Public award funding was declared.
Tamaeiev, 2023 [84]	To learn more about psychiatric patients’ attitudes towards PGx	Quantitative Survey USA	Inpatient and outpatient psychiatric Settings Patients Patient family members	Some authors reported conflicts of interest with affiliations to Genomind Inc and InformedDNA. Several authors declared public funding through the National Institutes for Health.
Thompson, 2015 [85]	To assess attitudes towards integration of genetic counselling into psychiatric patient care, specifically in the context of the use of pharmacogenomic test results to guide treatment.	Quantitative Cross-sectional questionnaire study USA	Inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings Psychiatrists Psychiatry residents	Authors reported no conflicts of interest. Funding came through a gift donation and a grant from the National Society of Genetic Counselor’s Psychiatry Special Interest Group.
Tuteja, 2022 [86]	To understand factors important for the implementation of PGxT to guide antidepressant prescribing	Quantitative Survey USA	Clinical setting not specified—17 sites that had either implemented PGx or were planning to	Research was supported through funding from a range of public funding bodies, mainly the National Institutes for Health. Several authors reported affiliations to or funding from private organisations.
Undurraga, 2021 [87]	To explore opinions about current practices, perceived value, and barriers to clinical use of PGxT amongst Chilean psychiatrists	Quantitative Survey Chile	Mix of clinical settings—including child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry settings in both public, private, and academic sectors Psychiatrists	Funding was provided by public agencies. The research was conducted in absence of any commercial or financial conflicts of interest.
Vest, 2020 [88]	To understand providers’ perspectives of PGx for antidepressant prescribing and implications for future implementation	Qualitative Focus Groups USA	Outpatient psychiatric clinics and primary care clinics Psychiatrists Primary Care Providers (Internists, Family Medicine, Advanced Nurse Practitioners)	Myriad Genetics provided in-kind testing for the study. Funding reported from a range of public organisations. A range of affiliations to different commercial and private organisations declared by one author.
Walden, 2015 [89]	To explore physicians’ opinions of PGxT and their experiences using PGxT for psychotropic medication	Quantitative Survey Canada	Mix of clinical settings—psychiatric and primary care settings Psychiatrists General Practitioners	Author funding reported from a variety of public organisations. One author reported affiliations with private companies
Weinstein, 2020 [90]	To explore physicians’ and pharmacist stakeholder perceptions on implementing a pharmacist-run pharmacogenomic service for patients with depression in a primary care setting	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews USA	Primary care outpatient family medicine practices Pharmacists Family Medicine Physicians	Funding through a grant from the Pennsylvania Pharmacists Association Educational Foundation. No conflicts of interest reported.

Description: The table displays characteristics of included studies in the systematic review, including the study title, author, year of publication, aims, country, design and methods, clinical setting and participants, source of funding, and stated conflicts of interest. PWLE (People with Lived Experience); P (Patient); HCP (Healthcare Professional).