Table 3.
Comparison between the group of subjects with DKA and without DKA (No. 272).
| Characteristics | With DKA (No. 106) | Without DKA (No. 166) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 51 (48) | 65 (39) | 0.18 * |
| Age | 8.0 ± 4.0 | 9.4 ± 3.8 | 0.004 ° |
| Age groups (%) 0–4 years old |
29 (27.4) |
26 (15.7) |
0.034 * |
| 5–9 years old | 37 (34.9) | 56 (33.7) | |
| 10–14 years old | 40 (37.7) | 84 (50.6) | |
| HbA1c % mmol/mol |
12.7 ± 2.0 113.4 ± 23.4 |
11.5 ± 2.6 101.7 ± 29.3 |
<0.0001 ° <0.0001 ° |
| pH | 7.1 ± 0.12 | 7.4 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 ° |
| Season (%) Spring Summer Autumn Winter |
25 (23.5) 18 (17.0) 28 (26.5) 35 (33.0) |
46 (27.7) 32 (19.3) 41 (24.7) 47 (28.3) |
0.763 * |
| FDR with T1D (%) | 9 (8.5) | 18 (10.8) | 0.527 * |
| Ethnicity (%) Italians East Europe North Africa Other |
80 (75.5) 10 (9.5) 10 (9.5) 6 (5.5) |
129 (77.7) 12 (7.2) 21 (12.7) 4 (2.4) |
0.411 * |
| Father’s age (year) | 42.7 ± 0.1 | 44.5 ± 6.6 | 0.024 ° |
| Father’s age class (%) <40 y 40–49 y ≥50 y |
No. 99 32 (32.3) 49 (49.5) 18 (18.2) |
No. 162 35 (21.6) 93 (57.4) 34 (21.0) |
0.157 * |
| Mother’s age (year) | 39.7 ± 6.45 | 40.6 ± 5.5 | 0.245 ° |
| Mother’s age class (%) <40 y 40–49 y ≥50 y |
No. 106 50 (47.2) 52 (49.0) 4 (3.8) |
No. 164 71 (43.3) 88 (53.7) 5 (3.0) |
0.748 * |
| Family SES (%) Low Moderate High |
No. 103 42 (40.8) 36 (34.9) 25 (24.3) |
No. 165 54 (32.7) 58 (35.2) 53 (32.1) |
0.288 * |
* p-value based on chi-squared test; ° p-value based on the Kruskal–Wallis test; Abbreviations: FDR: first-degree relative, SES: socioeconomic status, T1D: type 1 diabetes.