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. 2024 Oct 14;13(20):6123. doi: 10.3390/jcm13206123

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The four categories of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction. (A): Structural valve deterioration is a deterioration process that directly involves the valvular components leading to prosthesis stenosis or regurgitation (e.g., fibrotic degeneration, leaflet tear). (B): Non-structural valve dysfunction (NSVD) (e.g., para-prosthetic regurgitation). (C): Thrombosis. (D): Endocarditis. Parallel to the BVD pathological categories, three stages of dysfunction, based mainly on the mean gradient (MG), the effective orifice area (EOA), the Doppler velocity index (DVI), and intraprosthetic aortic regurgitation (AR), have been proposed (table one).