Table 1.

Included studies.

Article	Country	Study Design	Children (n)	Paternal Parameters	Results
Yiting Mao et al., 2019 [26]	China	Retrospective Study	69,964	Paternal Age	Preterm newborns of older fathers have a greater risk of SGA while term newborns of very young or very old fathers have a greater risk of LGA
Pritchard et al., 1983 [27]	Scotland, UK	Cohort study	5834	Paternal height	The standardized birth weights were consistently greater for babies born to women with tall husbands.
Nasri et al., 2015 [28]	Iran	Retrospective cohort study	4994	Paternal height	Strong relationship between paternal height and US parameters (BPD, CC, AC, FL)
Cawley et al., 1954 [29]	UK	Cohort Study	1028	Paternal height	BW of the child increased with increased height of father
Prakesh et al., 2009 [18]	Canada	Systematic Review	ND	Paternal height	Offspring of shorter fathers tended to have, on average, a reduction in birth weight ranging from 125 to 150 g compared to those born to taller fathers.
Wilcox et al., 1993 [30]	UK	Cohort study	571	Paternal height and weight	Increasing paternal height exhibited a significant association with increasing birth weight (p = 0.0115)
Takagi et al., 2014 [31]	Japan	Cohort study	33,448	Paternal height	Greater paternal height was associated with increased odds of being large for gestational weight (LGA) and decreased odds of being small for gestational age (SGA) in both female and male neonates
Skaren et al., 2009 [32]	Australia	Prospective cohort study	399	Paternal height	Paternal height uniquely stood out as a predictor of birth length specifically among female infants.
Oldereid et al., 2018 [33]	ND	Systematic review and meta-analysis	ND	Paternal height, weight and BMI	The evidence supporting an association between paternal BMI/paternal weight and offspring BW was deemed to be of lower quality, suggesting little or no discernible correlation.
Morrison et al., 1991 [34]	Australia	Cohort Study	5989	Paternal height and BMI	Paternal height was statistically significant on birth weight (p < 0.0007) Paternal BMI did not exhibit a significant effect on birth weight.
WKTo et al., 1998 [35]	China	Cohort study	355	Paternal height, weight and BMI	Paternal height demonstrated a significant correlation with adjusted birth weight (p < 0.01), while paternal weight exhibited a marginal correlation (p = 0.05)
Nahum et al., 2003 [36]	USA	Cohort study	241	Paternal height	Each unit increase in paternal height was associated with the increase of 10 g/cm in term birth weight. Fathers with heights 2 standard deviations below or above the mean experienced notable changes in offspring birth weight.
Mattsson et al., 2013 [37]	Sweden	Retrospective cohort study	137,538	Paternal birth weight	A birth weight of the father greater than 1000 g corresponded to an increase of 169 g at the birth of the newborn
Raneen et al., 2017 [38]	Israel	Prospective study	199	Paternal weight	No significant correlation with paternal anthropometry.
Xu et al., 2022 [39]	China	Retrospective study	1810	Paternal BMI	Each standard deviation increment in paternal BMI correspond additional 29.6 g increment in neonatal birth weight, especially in male offspring
L’Abèe et al., 2011 [40]	Netherlands	Cohort study	2947	Paternal BMI and birth weight	Paternal factors including BMI (p = 0.0034) and birth weight (p = 0.001) were found to exert a discernible influence on neonatal weight
Chen et al., 2010 [41]	China	Retrospective cohort study	889	Paternal BMI	In the case of male offspring, all examined models consistently demonstrated a significant correlation between paternal BMI and multiple parameters, including birth weight, biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal diameter, abdominal circumference, and pectoral diameter.
Retnakaran et al., 2021 [42]	China	Prospective cohort study	1292	Paternal BMI	Each incremental unit in maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, infant birth weight saw an increase of 42.2 g, while a similar increase in paternal BMI contributed an additional 10.7 g to infant birth weight. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI accounted for a substantial 6.2% of the variance in birth weight, markedly surpassing the 0.7% explained by paternal BMI.
Pomeroy et al., 2015 [43]	Australia	Prospective cohort study	7223	Paternal BMI	Birth weight displayed marked correlations with maternal height (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.001). Distal limb segments (lower arm, lower leg) exhibited significant correlations solely with paternal anthropometric measures, including both height and BMI (p < 0.001).