Akt	protein kinase B
CD	Crohn’s disease
DAI	disease activity index
DID	didymin
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified essential medium
DSS	dextran sulfate sodium
FBS	fetal bovine serum
H&E	hematoxylin–eosin
HPLC	high-performance liquid chromatography
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
IL-6	interleukin-6
IL-1β	interleukin-1β
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinases
NF-κB	nuclear factor-kappa B
TJ	tight junction
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
PCoA	principal coordinate analysis
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
PI3K	phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase
PMSF	phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
RIPA	radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
RT	retention time
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
SDS-PAGE	sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
ZO-1	zonula occludens protein 1