Table 1.
Published studies on analysis of human perilymph components (modified from Di Stadio et al., Brain Sci, 2024 [8]).
| Years | Total Number of Participants | Cause of Hearing Loss | Control Group Without SNHL | Surgical Procedure/Sampling Tool |
Perilympatic Components Analyzed | Main Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mavel et al. [9] | 2018 | 23 | CMV; trauma; MD | None | CI/ needle 22 g |
Metabolome | Fingerprinting was obtained from 98 robust metabolites. |
| Rasmussen et al. [10] | 2018 | 16 | VS | None | TC, L/ n.a. |
Proteome | Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, P02765, was shown to be an independent variable for tumor-associated hearing loss. |
| Lin et al. [11] | 2019 | 5 | MD | Yes | TO, TC, L needle 28 g |
Proteome | A total of 228 common proteins were identified in the perilymph of patients with Meniere’s disease, 38 of which were significantly differential in abundance. |
| Thrin et al. [12] | 2019 | 19 | n.a. | None | CI/ needle 22 g |
Metabolome | A total of 106 different metabolites were identified. Metabolomic profiles were significantly different in subjects with ≤12 or >12 years of hearing loss |
| de Vires et al. [13] | 2019 | 38 | MD, CMV, EVA, CHARGE, meningitis | Yes | CI/ microglass capillary |
Proteome | (1) BDNF was found to be expressed in cochlear tissue in individuals with normal hearing; (2) there was an overall decreased level of expression of BDNF-regulated proteins in profoundly hearing-impaired patients compared to patients with some residual hearing. |
| Warnecke et al. [14] | 2019 | 43 | n.a. | None | CI/microglass capillary | Proteome | Multiplex proteins were identified in very small samples (1 microL or less). Higher IGFBP1 levels were identified in deaf patients compared to patients with residual hearing. |
| Shew et al. [15] | 2021 | 10 | MD | Yes | S, L/microglass capillary | miRNA | Sixteen differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in the perilymph of patients with MD. |
| Schmitt et al. [16] | 2021 | 31 | MD, OS, EVA | None | CI/ n.a. |
Proteome | Overall, 895 different proteins were found in all samples. Based on quantification values, a disease-specific protein distribution in perilymph was demonstrated. |
| van Dieken et al. [17] | 2022 | 38 | n.a. | None | CI/microglass capillary | Proteome | The authors propose a human atlas of protein of the cochlea. |
OS: otosclerosis; VS: vestibular schwannoma; CMV: cytomegalovirus infection; g: gauge; MD: Meniere’s disease; EVA: enlarged vestibular aqueduct; CI: cochlear implantation; TO: transotic approach; TC: transcochlear approach; S: stapedectomy; L: labyrinthectomy; IGFB: insulin-like growth factor protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CHARGE: coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies.