Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and comparisons between an insulin-taking and healthy group in a convenience sample of Indiana and U.S. adults aged 18–65 years (n = 152).
| Characteristics | Total (n) | Healthy Group 1 | Insulin-Taking Group 1 | p-Value 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 152 | 96 (63.2%) | 56 (36.8%) | ||
| Sex 3 | 0.38 | |||
| Female | 104 | 63 (66.3%) | 41 (73.2%) | |
| Male | 47 | 32 (33.7%) | 15 (26.8%) | |
| Age group (years) | <0.0001 * | |||
| 18–30 | 87 | 67 (69.8%) | 20 (35.7%) | |
| 31–65 | 65 | 29 (30.2%) | 36 (64.3%) | |
| Race/ethnicity 4 categories 3 | 0.001 * | |||
| American Indiana/Alaska Native, Hispanic/Latino, and 2 or more groups | 12 | 7 (7.6%) | 5 (9.0%) | |
| Asian | 34 | 31 (33.3%) | 3(5.4%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 12 | 6 (6.5%) | 6 (10.7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 91 | 49 (52.7%) | 42 (75.0%) | |
| Race/ethnicity 2 categories 3,4 | 0.007 * | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 91 | 49 (52.7%) | 42 (75.0%) | |
| Others | 58 | 44 (47.3%) | 14 (25.0%) | |
| Education Level 3 | 0.11 | |||
| High School or some college or Associate’s degree | 30 | 15 (15.8%) | 15 (26.8%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 59 | 35 (36.8%) | 24 (42.9%) | |
| Master’s degree | 33 | 22 (23.2%) | 11 (19.6%) | |
| Doctoral/professional degree | 29 | 23 (24.2%) | 6 (10.7%) | |
| Marital Status 3 | 0.04 * | |||
| Married | 56 | 29 (31.2%) | 27 (48.2%) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married/Single | 93 | 64 (68.8%) | 29(51.8%) | |
| Income Level 3 | 0.18 | |||
| ≤USD 20,000 | 43 | 30 (35.3%) | 13 (24.5%) | |
| >USD 20,000 | 95 | 55 (64.7%) | 40 (75.5%) | |
| Employment Status | 0.43 | |||
| Employed (part-time/full-time) | 97 | 59 (61.5%) | 38 (67.9%) | |
| Unemployed or Other | 55 | 37 (38.5%) | 18 (32.1%) | |
| Student Status | 0.0003 * | |||
| Student | 58 | 47 (49.0%) | 11 (19.6%) | |
| Non-student or Other | 94 | 49 (51.0%) | 45 (80.4%) | |
1 Values are n (%). Total percentage may not be equal to 100% due to rounding. 2 χ2 p-value is a goodness-of-fit, one-sided test; * statistical significance is indicated when p-Value ≤ 0.05. 3 Missing data was due to participants choosing “prefer not to say”. 4 Race/ethnicity 2 groups was used in the final analysis.