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Effects of GEG on emotional pain responses (duration of vocalizations) in the male rats (A) and female rats (B). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons test. n = 5–7 per group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 for SNL-V vs. Sham-V group. + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001 for other groups vs. SNL-V group.
