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. 2024 Oct 15;29(20):4883. doi: 10.3390/molecules29204883

Table 4.

Characteristics of the nano-drugs and the in vitro thrombotic and fibrinolytic activity of these nano-drugs compared to their respective non-conjugated fibrinolytic activator alone.

Nano-Drugs Characteristics Outcome Ref.
PEGylation
Inline graphic 		PEG-tPA

PEG-UK
PEG-SK

PEG-SAK
PEG-maleimide-(poly-SAK)		 Reduced proteolytic activity
Slower inhibition kinetics by PAI-1
Increased fibrinolysis
Resistant to plasmin cleavage
Increased fibrinolysis
Slightly increased fibrinolysis
Increased bioactivity		 [131]

[132]
[133,134]

[135]
[136]
Liposome
Inline graphic 		A circular-shaped diacyl-chain phospholipids/phospholipid-attached PEG with cholesterol

  • liposomal LMWH

  • liposomal t-PA


  • PPACK-liposome



Reduce thrombus weight
Improve thrombolytic efficacy, reduce tPA-induced hemorrhage
Prolong inhibition of thrombosis, reduced systemic side effects



[137]
[138]

[139,140]
Echogenic liposome and polymeric nanoparticles
Inline graphic
tPA-loaded ELIPs
NIR-stimulated uPA release
Magnetic nanoparticles






Ultrasound-guided RDG-modified ELIPs

Enhance thrombolytic efficiency
Significant thrombolysis
Prolong circulating tPA
Improve thrombolytic efficacy
Minimize off-target effects
Similar thrombolysis, reduce the dose of tPA
Complete thrombus elimination
Effective thrombolysis in a rat embolism model
Enhanced thrombolytic efficacy of tPA
Improve recanalization rate
[141,142,143]
[144]
[145]
[141,146,147]

[148]
[148]
[149]
[150]
[151]
[152]
Dendrimer
Inline graphic
tPA-dendrimer complex
Nattokinase–dendrimer complex
LMWH–dendrimer complex
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers

Poly(lysine) dendrimers
High clot-dissolving activity
Effective thrombolytic effect
Prevents DVT
Induce fibrinogen aggregation, contribute to the in vivo DIC, produce rapid coagulation
Ideal carriers of protein drugs		 [153]
[154]
[155,156]
[157]
[158]

[156]
Mechanically activated nanotherapeutics
Inline graphic
tPA-PLGA shear-activated nanoparticle (tPA-SA-NP) complex

tPA-loaded SA-NP and temporary endovascular bypass (TEB)
Rapid clot dissolution

Increase recanalization, reduce distal embolization		 [159,160]
[161,162]



[163]
Platelet-based drug delivery system
Inline graphic 		rtPA-PNP-PA Thrombolysis [164]