Table 1.
Maternal biochemical characteristics during Early (14–16 weeks) and Later (26–28 weeks) gestation, delivery, and postpartum. p-values are for between-group comparisons at the same timepoint (NS = p > 0.05). Data are mean ± SEM. For OGTT variables, between-group [OB minus NW] and within-group differences [Later minus Early] with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are provided.
| NW (n = 27) | Obese (n = 27) | NW vs. OB, Same Time Point p-Value Difference [95% CI] |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Maternal Characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 31 ± 0.6 | 30 ± 0.8 | NS | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 0.3 | 32.0 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | ||
| Primigravida (%total) | 52 | 41 | NS | ||
| Caucasian (%total) | 93 | 93 | NS | ||
| Early and Later Maternal Measures | Early | Later | Early | Later | |
| Fasting TG, mg/dL * | 89.2 ± 3.98 | 135.1 ± 7.8 | 126.2 ± 8.7 † | 174.9 ± 12.2 ‡ | - |
| 1 h PP TG, mg/dL * | 95.3 ± 4.6 | 153.2 ± 8.0 | 143.4 ± 10.8 † | 201.2 ± 13.3 ‡ | - |
| 2 h PP TG, mg/dL * | 86.6 ± 5.2 | 137.9 ± 8.1 | 135.3 ± 10.7 † | 189.1 ± 13.1 † | - |
| 100 g OGTT, 28 weeks | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 77.3 ± 1.2 | 83.0 ± 1.4 | 0.004 5.54 [1.89, 9.20] |
||
| 1 h glucose | 121.0 ± 5.7 | 144.0 ± 3.9 | 0.002 22.85 [8.74, 36.96] |
||
| 2 h glucose | 104.0 ± 3.5 | 120.1 ± 5.0 | 0.01 16.24 [4.14, 28.35] |
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| 3 h glucose | 90.0 ± 3.9 | 98.0 ± 5.1 | NS 8.09 [−4.83, 21.00] |
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| 3 h glucose AUC, mg × dL/h | 18,616 ± 536 | 21,243 ± 540 | 0.001 2626 [1095, 4157] |
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| Fasting insulin, uIU/L | 11.1 ± 1.0 | 19.8 ± 2.0 | 0.01 8.60 [4.33, 12.87] |
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| 1 h insulin | 98.0 ± 18.0 | 136.4 ± 13.4 | NS 38.75 [−6.58, 84.08] |
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| 2 h insulin | 80.0 ± 7.5 | 118.4 ± 18.1 | NS 38.80 [0.40, 77.19] |
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| 3 h insulin | 46.0 ± 6.6 | 76.4 ± 11.2 | NS 30.42 [4.71, 56.12] |
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| 3 h insulin AUC, uIU × h/L | 12,479 ± 1471 | 18,173 ± 1891 | NS 5694 [918, 10,470] |
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| GlucoseAUC × InsulinAUC | 248,118,444 ± 33,167,536 | 396,303,263 ± 47,676,620 | 0.013 148,184,819 [32,145,562, 264,224,075] |
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| Delivery and Postpartum | |||||
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 13.7 ± 0.8 | 14.2 ± 1.6 | NS | ||
| Gestational Age at Delivery, weeks | 39.7 ± 0.2 | 39.7 ± 0.2 | NS | ||
| Cesarean (%total) | 23 | 40 | NS | ||
| Birthweight, g | 3258 ± 74 (n = 26) | 3528 ± 107 (n = 20) | 0.037 | ||
| Female (% total) | 50 | 30 | NS | ||
| Ponderal Index | 2.6 ± 0.04 | 2.7 ± 0.05 | 0.03 | ||
| 2 weeks NB %fat | 8.9 ± 0.7 | 11.0 ± 1.2 (n = 19) | NS | ||
| 2 weeks Total mass, g | 3864.8 ± 95.4 | 4123 ± 137 | NS | ||
| 2 weeks Maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 24 ± 0.4 | 33 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | ||
| 2 weeks Maternal %fat | 33 ± 1 | 41 ± 1 | <0.0001 | ||
95% CI = 95% confidence interval; NS = p > 0.05. * After 3 days of control diet while wearing a blinded CGM at 14–16 and 26–28 weeks, women reported to the CCTSI clinic after fasting × 10 h. Baseline labs were collected, followed by a liquid breakfast shake (30% total calories) and frequent blood sampling over 4 h for plasma TG using assays previously reported [7,8] in the CCTSI Laboratory (paired samples run on same batch). † p ≤ 0.001, NW vs. OB same timepoint. ‡ p < 0.01, NW vs. OB same timepoint.