Table 4.
Schistosomal specific DNA and RNA targets and their significance in the molecular detection of human schistosomiasis.
| Schistosoma Type | Genetic Target Amplified (DNA/RNA) | Amplification Method | Nature of Sample Utilized for Evaluation | Sensitivity/Specificity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. japonicum | Retrotransposon SjR2 | Conventional PCR (C-PCR) | Stool Sera/stool |
[88] | |
| Nested-PCR (N-PCR) | Sera | ||||
| Retrotransposon SjR2 | LAMP | Sera | Sensitivity: 95.5% | [89] | |
| RTPCR | Feces | [90] | |||
| RT-PCR | Goat’s Plasma/serum | Sensitivity: 98.74–100% | [91] | ||
| 231-bp DNA of retrotransposon SjR2 | N-PCR | Animals (goat, buffaloes) sera and dry blood filter paper | Sensitivity: 92–100% Specificity: 97.60% |
[92] | |
| Retrotransposons SjCHGCS 19 gene | N-PCR | Serum | [93] | ||
| 28S rDNA | C-PCR | Urine | [94] | ||
| 28S rDNA | LAMP | Snail (DNA) | 100 fg | [95] | |
| 28S rDNA | Feces/Urine | [96] | |||
| Cytochrome oxidase (Cox1) gene | C-PCR | Sera/urine/saliva | [97] | ||
| Cox2 | RT-PCR | Stool | [91] | ||
| Specific regions between NADH dehydrogenase (nad6) and cox2 | Multiplex real-time PCR | Stool | [98] | ||
| Specific regions between nad1 and nad2 | M-PCR | Stool | [99] | ||
| Nad1 | C-PCR RT-PCR |
Feces | [100] | ||
| Nad6 | RT-PCR | Feces | [101] | ||
| miR-3479, miR-3096, miR-001, miR-277, Bantam | RT-PCR | Plasma/sera | [102] | ||
| miR223 | RT-PCR | Serum | [103] | ||
| NADH I (mitochondrial DNA) |
RT-PCR | Feces | 1 EPG | [104] | |
| 18S rDNA | RT-PCR | Mouse feces and serum | 10 fg | [105] | |
| S. haematobium | Dra 1 repeats | RT- PCR | Urine | Sensitivity: ~80% | [106] |
| Dra I (DQ157698) | PCR | 1 ng | [107] | ||
| Cox1 | C-PCR | Sera/urine/saliva/semen | [108] | ||
| RT-PCR | Lavage fluid of the vagina | [108] | |||
| M-PCR | Stool | [109] | |||
| Internal transcribed spacer rDNA ITS | C-PCR | Urine | [110] | ||
| ITS2 rDNA region | RT-PCR | Urine | [84] | ||
| NADH-3 (mitochondrial DNA) |
PCR | Urine | 1 pg | [111] | |
| S. mansoni | 121-bp tandem repeat sequence | C-PCR | Sera | [108] | |
| Stool | [112] | ||||
| Urine | [112] | ||||
| Touch down PCR | Serum | [113] | |||
| RT-PCR | Serum | [114] | |||
| Cerebrospinal fluid | [115] | ||||
| 28S rDNA | PCR-ELISA | Feces | [108] | ||
| 28S rDNA | Multiplex PCR | Mice urine | Sensitive: 94.4% Specificity: 99.9% |
[116] | |
| C-PCR | Urine | 10 copies/μL of S. haematobium | [117] | ||
| 18S rDNA | Nested PCR | (Snail’s DNA) | 10 fg | [118] | |
| 18S rDNA | PCR | 40 pg/μL Sensitivity: 94.4% Specificity: 99.9% |
[119] | ||
| Cox1 | M-PCR | Feces | [109] | ||
| Nad1 | RT-PCR | Feces | [108] | ||
| NADH dehydrogenase (nad5) | M-PCR | Feces | [108] | ||
| Specific regions between nad6 and cox2 | M-PCR | Stool | [120] | ||
| Mitochondrial minisatellite DNA sequence (620 bp) | LAMP | Feces | [84] |