Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author/Year | Country | Sample | Design | Study Goals | Outcomes | Conclusions | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verner-Filion et al., 2017 [28] | - | Study 1: 172 football athletes (122 M; 50 F); AM = 14.61 ± 1.63 y. |
Study 1: Transversal (in an indoor football tournament at the provincial level, before half the season) | Study 1: Analyse the role of mediation of BPN satisfaction and deliberate practice between HP, OP, and performance in football players. | Study 1: BPNs; deliberate practice; HP; OP; SWL; performance in football players. | Study 1: HP is a positive and significant predictor of both BPN satisfaction and SWL; OP is a negative but not significant predictor of SWL; BPN satisfaction is a positive and significant predictor of SWL. | G |
| - | Study 2: 598 hockey athletes (598 males). | Study 2: Longitudinal (training field of the 2000–2001 season, after practice) | Study 2: Analyse the mediating role of AGs between the P (H and O) and the BPNs, SWL, deliberate practice, and performance in hockey players. | Study 2: HP and OP; BPNs; SWL; deliberate practice; performance; AG. |
Study 2: HP was associated with both types of goals (i.e., mastery and performance) that, consequently, lead to the satisfaction of BPNs, higher levels of SWL, deliberate practice, and performance. OP was associated with performance goals (i.e., approach and avoidance). This association with performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals allows for a more detailed understanding of the ambiguous relationship OP holds with BPNs, SWL, and performance. Performance-approach goals mediate the positive relation between OP and all these outcomes, performance-avoidance goals also act as a mediating variable in the negative relation between these variables. |
||
| Carpentier and Mageau (2013) [49] | Canada | 340 athletes; ages: 11–35 y (AM = 15.21 y); 13 sports (synchronised swimming, football, athletics, ice hockey, etc.); 58 coaches (48% M; 52% F); age: 18–72 y (AM = 31.14 y). |
Transversal | Study the impact of change-oriented feedback on its two functions (motivating athletes and guidance for performance improvement) and the impact at the SWB level. | Athletes: PA and NA; SWL; regulation of motivation. BPNs; SV; SE. | More self-determined motivation is a positive predictor of SWB, BPNs, SV, and SE; less self-determined motivation is a negative predictor of SWL, SV, and SE; The motivated regulation is linked with reduce perception of BPNs, SWB, and SE. |
G |
| Felton and Jowett (2013) [46] | United Kingdom | 430 athletes (166 M; 264 F); age: 15–35 y (AM = 20.4 y); 59% individual sports; 41% group sports. | Transversal | Examine whether BPN satisfaction is a mechanism by which athletes’ attachment styles are associated with WB levels. | Attachment style; BPNs (parents and coaches); SV; SE; PA; and NA. | BPNs, both in parents and coaches, were positive and significant predictors of SV and PA; BPNs are a negative and significant predictor of NA; BPNs were a positive and significant predictor of SE in parents and a positive but not significant predictor of SE regarding coaches. |
G |
| López-Walle et al., (2012) [47] | Mexico | 609 athletes; age: 11–18 y (AM = 13.95 y); 18 sports. | Transversal | Study the perception of autonomy support given by the coach, the satisfaction of the BPNs, SWL, and SV; analyse the mediating role of the BPNs between the perception of autonomy support and the SWL and SV. | Support for autonomy; BPNs; SWL; SV. | BPNs are a positive and significant predictor of both SWL and SV; BPN-Aut satisfaction is the one that presents the highest prediction value for SWL and SV. | F |
| Mack et al., (2011) [51] | Canada | 219 volleyball players (92 M; 127 F); age: 18–28 y (AM = 20.03 y). | Transversal | Study the relationships between BPN satisfaction, SV, PA, and NA. | BPNs; SV; PA; NA | Positive, significant, and moderate correlations between BPNs and SV and PA; negative and significant and moderate correlation between BPNs and NA; BPNs’ satisfaction were positive and significant predictors of SV and PA and negative predictors of NA. | F |
| Vansteenkiste et al., (2010) [54] | Belgium | Study 1: 304 football players; AM (24.66 y); Study 2: 245 athletes from 17 football clubs of various levels of the Belgian Nationa League; AM = 24.3 y. |
Transversal | Examine whether autonomous and controlling reasons for adopting performance targets would provide more information on the relationship between performance goals and BE and fair-play’s attitudes and behaviours. | Performance goals; autonomous and controlled reasons; SV; PA and NA; pro- and antisocial behaviours; athletic attitudes. |
The autonomous reasons were positive and significant predictors of SV and PA and negative, and not significant, predictors of NA; the controlled reasons have a negative and non-significant relationship with SV, negative and significant relationship with PA, and positive and significant relationship with NA. | G |
| Balaguer et al., (2008) [48] | Spain | 301 athletes from various sports (171 M; 130 F); AM = 24.1 y. | Transversal | Analyse the relationships between the perception of support for autonomy provided by the coach, the BPNs, SMD, SE, and SWL. | Autonomy support; BPNs; SMD; SE; SWL. |
BPNs were positive and significant predictor of SDM; and SDM was a positive and significant predictor of SE and SWL. | G |
| Solberg and Halvari (2009) [55] | Norge | 95 elite athletes (56 M; 39 F); age: 14–44 y (AM = 21.6 y). | Transversal | Study the relationships between coach autonomy support, characteristics of personal goals, and EWB in elite athletes. | Perceived autonomy support; ARs; CRs; objective content (intrinsic and extrinsic); PA and NA. | Support autonomy was significant and positively related with PA; ARs were a positive and significant predictor of PA; CRs were a positive and significant predictor of negative PA. | G |
| Smith et al., (2007) [52] | United Kingdom | 210 athletes (104 M, 103 F, 3 not specified); age: 18–37 y (AM = 21.02 y). |
Mixed methodology | Analyse the motivational process underlying the sports goals, as well as the role of supporting the coach’s autonomy in relation to achieving the goals. | Personal goals; BPNs-Aut; BPNs-Comp; BPNs-Rel; autonomy support; PA and NA; SWL. |
Moderate positive and significant correlations between the three BPNs, PA, and SWL; negative, significant, and weak correlation between the three BPNs and NA. | F |
| Gagné et al., (2003) [53] | EUA | 33 gymnastics athletes (33 F); age: 7–18 y (AM = 13 y). | Longitudinal | Analysis of the effects of support perceptions provided by coaches and parents on BPN satisfaction, motivation, and WB. | BPNs; RAI; SV; SE; PA; NA; skill level in gymnastics. | Id Reg was a positive and significant predictor of PA, SV, and SE; Id Reg was a non-significant negative predictor of the NA; Int Mot was a positive and significant predictor of PA, SV, and SE; Int Mot was a negative and significant predictor of NA; RAI was a positive and significant predictor of the PA, SV, and SE; RAI is a negative and significant predictor of the NA. |
G |
| Vallerand et al., (2006) [50] | Canada | Study 1: 206 (84 M; 119 F; 3 not specified). Age: 17–29 y (AM = 18.70 y). Study 2: 210 basketball players (129 M, 78 F; 3 not specified); age: 12–29 y (AM = 16.04 y). Study 3: 107 athletes (63 F; 44 M); age: 11–33 y (AM = 15.46 y); sports: 79 athletes of water polo and 28 of synchronised swimming. |
Study 1: Transversal Study 2: Transversal Study 3: Longitudinal–Prospective |
Study 1: Testing a sequence of experiments from the DMP to study the determinants of HP and OP. Study 2: Study the role of passion in the experience of affective variables in the context of sport. Study 3: Study the integrative sequence involving the determinants and affective experiences associated with PH and PO. |
Study 1: HP and OP; personality orientation; sports rating. Study 2: HP and OP; SWL; PA and NA; SV; SWB. Study 3: PH and PO; personality orientation; SV; AP and AN; SWB. |
Study 1: Sports evaluation and an autonomous personality orientation positively predict HP. Sports evaluation and controlled personality orientation positively predict OP. Study 2: HP showed positive, significant, and moderate correlations in absolute terms with PA, SV, and SWB;PH showed a negative, insignificant, and weak correlation with NA; OP showed positive, significant, and weak correlations with PA, NA, and SV; OP showed a positive, non-significant, and weak correlation, in absolute terms, with SWB. Study 3: PH showed a positive, significant, and weak correlation with WB. The PO is a positive, non-significant, and weak correlation with WB. PH was a positive and significant predictor of WB, while PO was a negative and non-significant prediction of WB. |
G |
| Vallerand et al., (2008) [30] | Canada | Study 1: 184 basketball athletes (108 M; 76 F); AM = 16 y. Study 2: 67 athletes; (22 M; 45 F); age: 13–33 y (AM = 16.1); modalities: water polo and synchronised swimming. |
Study 1: Prospective. Study 2: Prospective. |
Study 1: This study aimed to determine if both HP and OP positively predict deliberate practice, which in turn positively predicts performance. Study 2: Examine the role of AGs as mediators of passion, their relationship with deliberate practice, and as predictors of sporting performance. |
Study 1: HP and OP; Deliberate practice; Performance. Study 2: HP and OP; SWL; AGs; Deliberate practice; Performance; SWL |
Study 1: HP is a predictor of deliberate practice, which in turn predicts performance (HP represents an important determinant of strong involvement in activities that athletes enjoy). Study 2: A positive, significant, and moderate correlation was found between HP and SWL. A positive, non-significant, and weak correlation was found between OP and SWL. |
G |
Note: M = Male; F = Female; AM = Age Mean; y = Years; PA = Positive Affect; NA = Negative Affect; SE = Self-Esteem; WB = Well-being; EWB = Emotional Well-being; PWB = Psychological Well-being; SWB = Subjective Well-being; SDM = Self-Determined Motivation; Amot = Amotivation; MI = Intrinsic Motivation; Reg Ext = External Regulation; Reg Id = Identified Regulation; BPNs = Basic Psychological Needs; BPNs-Comp = Basic Psychological Needs of Competence; BPN-Rel = Basic Psychological Needs of Relatedness; BPNs-Aut = Basic Psychological Needs of Autonomy; AGs = Achievement Goals; P = Passion; HP = Harmonious Passion; OP = Obsessive Passion; RAI = Global Self-Determination Index; ARs = Autonomous Reasons; CRs = Controlled Reasons; SWL = Life Satisfaction; SV = Subjective Vitality; DMP = Dualistic Model of Passion; SDT = Self-Determination Theory; G = Good; F = Fair.